DMT

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Summary sheet: DMT
DMT
DMT.svg
Chemical Nomenclature
Common names DMT, N,N-DMT, "Dmitry", "The Glory", "The Spirit Molecule"
Substitutive name N,N-Dimethyltryptamine
Systematic name 2-(1H-Indol-3-yl)-N,N-dimethylethanamine
Class Membership
Psychoactive class Psychedelic
Chemical class Tryptamine
Routes of Administration

WARNING: Always start with lower doses due to differences between individual body weight, tolerance, metabolism, and personal sensitivity. See responsible use section.


⇣ Smoked
Dosage
Threshold 2 mg
Light 10 - 20 mg
Common 20 - 40 mg
Strong 40 - 60 mg
Heavy 60+ mg
Duration
Total 5 - 20 minutes
Onset 20 - 40 seconds
Come up 1 - 3 minutes
Peak 2 - 8 minutes
Offset 1 - 6 minutes
After effects 10 - 60 minutes










DISCLAIMER: PW's dosage information is gathered from users and resources for educational purposes only. It is not a recommendation and should be verified with other sources for accuracy.

Interactions
Cannabis
Amphetamines
Cocaine
Tramadol


N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (also known as DMT, N,N-DMT, Dmitri, and "The Spirit Molecule") is a classical psychedelic substance of the tryptamine class.[1] Despite being one of the simplest psychedelic compounds, it is known for its unique ability to produce short-lived but intense visionary states and complete hallucinations. It is thought to produce its psychedelic effects by binding to serotonin receptors in the brain, although the precise mechanism is not fully understood.

DMT is present in over 65 species of plants and has been identified as being a normal constituent of human metabolism and an endogenous neurotransmitter in certain rodents. Its presence is also known to be widespread throughout the plant kingdom.[2][3] Although various theories have been postulated, its neurobiological function has yet to be determined.[citation needed]

Depending on the dosage and method of administration, the effects of DMT can range from mild psychedelic states to powerfully immersive life-altering experiences which are often described as the ultimate displacement from ordinary consciousness in which users report experiencing ineffable spiritual realms or alternate dimensions.[4]

When vaporized or smoked, DMT produces short-lived effects with a very rapid onset that is sometimes described as an "inconceivably high-speed rollercoaster ride." When ingested in combination with a MAOI or RIMA agent, it becomes active orally and significantly longer lasting, immersive, and interactive in nature: this combination is known as ayahuasca.[5] Ayahuasca brews have been used traditionally in South America since at least around the year 1500.[6]

Unlike most highly prohibited substances, DMT is not considered to be addictive or toxic by the scientific community.[7][1] Nevertheless, unpredictable adverse reactions such as uncontrollable anxiety, delusions and psychosis can always occur, particularly among those predisposed to mental disorders.[8] While these negative reactions or "bad trips" can often be attributed to user inexperience or improper preparation of set and setting, they have been known to happen spontaneously among even highly experienced users as well. It is therefore highly advised to use harm reduction practices if using this substance.

DMT Crystals[9]

History and culture

DMT was first synthesized in 1931 by the German chemist Richard Helmuth Fredrick Manske.[10][11] Its discovery as a natural product is generally credited to Brazilian chemist and microbiologist Oswaldo Gonçalves de Lima who, in 1946, isolated an alkaloid he named nigerina (nigerine) from the root bark of jurema preta (Mimosa tenuiflora).[11][12][13]

DMT was unequivocally identified in 1959, when American chemists were provided a sample of Mimosa tenuiflora.[13][14] In 1955, a team of American chemists led by Evan Horning isolated and formally identified DMT in the seeds and pods of Anadenanthera peregrina.[13][15]

Since 1955, DMT has been found in a host of organisms: in at least fifty plant species belonging to ten families,[2] and in at least four animal species, including one gorgonian[16] and three mammalian species.

Chemistry

Substitutive structure of a tryptamine molecule

DMT, or N,N-dimethyltryptamine, is a member of a family of organic compounds known as tryptamines. Tryptamines share a core structure consisting of a bicyclic indole heterocycle attached at R3 to an amino group via an ethyl side chain. DMT contains two methyl groups (CH3-) bound to the terminal amine RN at the end of this chain.

DMT has many homologs and analogs from base tryptamines like MET and DPT, to four and five position substituted variants such as 4-PO-DMT (psilocybin), 4-AcO-DMT (psilacetin), 5-HO-DMT (bufotenin), and 5-MeO-DMT.

DMT is a white, pungent-smelling, crystalline solid. It is insoluble in water, but soluble in organic solvents and aqueous acids.[17]

Pharmacology

Further information: Serotonergic psychedelic

DMT's psychedelic effects are believed to come from its efficacy at the 5-HT2A receptor as a partial agonist. However, the role of these interactions and how they result in the psychedelic experience continues to remain elusive.

In addition to this, N,N-dimethyltryptamine is believed to be an endogenous ligand for the sigma receptor. However, the significance of the sigma-1 receptor remains the subject of ongoing scientific research.[18]

Subjective effects

DMT in its smokeable form is reported to be the least mentally inebriating psychedelic. It is due to a lack of perceived intoxication that many people describe DMT as a genuine experience that is actually happening to them. It is worth noting that many people report that smoked DMT is extremely clear-headed in its style and tends to produce less personal insight in comparison to orally active psychedelics such as ayahuasca, LSD and psilocybin due to its short-acting nature.

Disclaimer: The effects listed below are cited from the Subjective Effect Index (SEI), which relies on assorted anecdotal reports and the personal experiences of PsychonautWiki contributors. As a result, they should be taken with a healthy amount of skepticism. It is worth noting that these effects will not necessarily occur in a consistent or reliable manner, although higher doses (common+) are more likely to induce the full spectrum of reported effects. Likewise, adverse effects become much more likely on higher doses and may include serious injury or death.

Physical effects
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Visual effects
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Cognitive effects
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Auditory effects
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Multi-sensory effects
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    • Synaesthesia - In its fullest manifestation, this is a very rare and non-reproducible effect. Increasing the dosage can increase the likelihood of this occurring, but seems to only be a prominent part of the experience among those who are already predisposed to synaesthetic states.

Transpersonal effects
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Progressive stages

When smoked or vaporized at moderate to heavy dosages, the DMT experience consistently manifests itself in a progressive sequence which can be described as follows:

1. "Breaking Through"

The first step of a DMT trip is the come up that leads onto an experience commonly referred to as "breaking through." This seems to have at least a few different ways of presenting itself to the user.

The first thing that a person notices is an extremely distinct set of visual enhancements such an increase in visual acuity and colour intensity. This is followed by a sudden onset of high level 3 geometry which increases in its intensity until it envelopes and covers the external environment. These effects are often accompanied by auditory hallucinations such as soft crackling sounds or high pitched extended tones. There is also the possibility of accompanying physical sensations as one "breaks through." These can include feelings of suddenly being pushed through and onto the other side of a membrane or feelings of shooting through space at high speeds.

2. "The Waiting Room"

Almost immediately after a person has inhaled enough DMT to have "broken through", they often find themselves spending a brief amount of time in what is sometimes described as a psychedelic "waiting room" or "loading screen." The appearance of this space can assume a seemingly infinite variety of forms but generally appears in the shape of an enveloping tunnel comprised of rapidly shifting, interlocking geometry. This lasts approximately 10 – 20 seconds and feels qualitatively different from other stages of the experience.

3. "The Other Side"

Once the waiting period is over, the user will feel that they have "broken through" onto the other side. It is here where users experience intense level 7 geometry and level 3 - 4 internal hallucinations. It is worth noting that although experiences vary between individuals, DMT trips often follow common archetypes, scenarios, content, and plots. These scenarios generally consist of visiting what appears to be an alternate reality that is often described to contain autonomous entities, settings, sceneries, and landscapes as well as themes of a cosmic, transcendental, or transpersonal nature.

4. "Drifting Down"

The final stage is experienced as the sensation of being pulled further and further away from the scenario until it is no longer visible and one finds themselves back in reality. This is typically accompanied by level 3 - 4 geometry as well as a sense of general exhilaration and awe. The moderate to mild geometry stays for a further 10 – 15 minutes before disappearing completely, sometimes leaving a noticeable "body high" that lingers for up to an hour.

Experience reports

Anecdotal reports which describe the effects of this compound within our experience index include:

Additional experience reports can be found here:

Natural plant sources

Main article: DMT-containing plants

Mimosa hostilis root bark

Further information: Mimosa tenuiflora (botany)
Mimosa hostilis root bark.

Mimosa hostilis (also known as Mimosa tenuiflora, Jurema and Tepezcohuite) is a perennial tree or shrub native to the northeastern region of Brazil and is found as far north as southern Mexico. Around 1% of the dried weight is DMT. It is legal to purchase online in many parts of the world and a commonly used source for performing DMT extractions or brewing into ayahuasca.

Acacia confusa root bark.

Acacia confusa root bark

Further information: Psychoactive acacias

Acacia confusa (also known as Acacia Petit Feuille, Small Philippine Acacia, Formosa Acacia (Taiwan Acacia) and Formosan Koa) is a perennial tree native to South-East Asia. It is legal to purchase online and easily accessible in many parts of the world. The plant matter itself contains the following chemicals:[citation needed]

  • N-Methyltryptamine: 1.43% (not psychoactive without MAOI)
  • DMT: 1.15%

Preparation methods

Preparation methods for this substance found within our tutorial index include:

Research

Dr. Rick Strassman has hypothesized that the pineal gland is responsible for the production and release of DMT which he believes possibly could be excreted in large quantities at the moments of birth and death.[19] However, this view was contested by David E. Nichols in 2018, who argued that the pineal gland secretes insufficient amounts of DMT to produce psychoactive effects.[20]

In 2019, a study by Jimo Borjigin demonstrated in rat brains that brain neurons with the two enzymes required to make DMT were not just in the pineal gland but also in the neocortex and hippocampus.[21]

Neuroplasticity

In 2018, a study demonstrated neuroplasticity induced by DMT and other psychedelics through TrkB, mTOR, and 5-HT2A signaling.[22]

Toxicity and harm potential

Further information: Responsible use § Hallucinogens

DMT is considered to be non-addictive, is not associated with any form of neurotoxicity, and has an extremely low toxicity relative to dose. As with other psychedelic substances, there are relatively few physical side effects associated with acute DMT exposure. Various studies have shown that in reasonable doses in a careful context, it has little to no negative cognitive, psychiatric or physical consequences.[12]

However, as with psychedelics generally, DMT is thought to be able to act as a potential trigger for those with underlying psychiatric conditions. Those with a personal or family history of mental illness are advised not to use this substance unless under medical supervision.

Despite the lack of physical risks, it is highly advised to approach this substance with extreme caution and harm reduction practices.

Lethal dosage

The median lethal dose (LD50) of DMT in humans has never been reached in any setting, nor is this expected to change due to its pharmacological properties.

Dependence and abuse potential

Like other serotonergic psychedelics, DMT is considered to be non-addictive with a low abuse potential.[12] There are no literature reports of successful attempts to train animals to self-administer DMT — an animal model predictive of abuse liability — indicating that it does not have the necessary pharmacology to either initiate or maintain dependence. Likewise, there is virtually no withdrawal syndrome when chronic use of DMT is stopped.[citation needed]

Notably, tolerance to the effects of DMT does not appear to occur. The reason for this is unknown. Likewise, DMT does not produce cross-tolerance with other psychedelics, meaning that after the consumption of DMT psychedelics will not have a reduced effect.

Dangerous interactions

Although many psychoactive substances are reasonably safe to use on their own, they can quickly become dangerous or even life-threatening when combined with other substances. The list below includes some known dangerous combinations (although it cannot be guaranteed to include all of them). Independent research (e.g. Google, DuckDuckGo) should always be conducted to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe to consume. Some interactions listed have been sourced from TripSit.

  • Cannabis: Cannabis has an unexpectedly strong and somewhat unpredictable synergy with psychedelics. It strongly intensifies the sensory and cognitive effects of DMT. Extreme caution is advised when using this combination as it can significantly increase the chances of a negative psychological reaction like anxiety, confusion and psychosis. Users are advised to start off with only a fraction of their usual cannabis dose and take long breaks between hits to avoid over intake.
  • Amphetamines & Cocaine: Stimulants increase anxiety levels and the risk of thought loops which can lead to negative experiences.
  • Tramadol: Tramadol is well known to lower seizure threshold and psychedelics also cause occasional seizures.

Legal status

See also: Ayahuasca § Legal status, and Mimosa tenuiflora § Legal status

Internationally, DMT is classified as a Schedule I controlled substance under the United Nations 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances, meaning that international trade in DMT is supposed to be closely monitored and its use is supposed to be restricted to scientific research and medical use. Natural materials containing DMT, including ayahuasca, are not regulated under the 1971 Psychotropic Convention.[23][24]

  • Australia: DMT is controlled under Schedule 9 of the Poisions Standard.[25]
  • Austria: DMT is illegal to possess, produce and sell under the SMG (Suchtmittelgesetz Österreich).[citation needed]
  • Brazil: DMT is illegal to possess, produce and sell under Portaria SVS/MS nº 344.[26] Rules are relaxed regarding religious use.[citation needed]
  • Canada: DMT is a Schedule III controlled substance.[27]
  • Denmark: DMT is a Category B controlled substance.[28]
  • Estonia: DMT is a Schedule I controlled substance.[citation needed]
  • France: DMT is classified as a narcotic.[citation needed]
  • Germany: DMT is controlled under Anlage I BtMG (Narcotics Act, Schedule I)[29] as of January 24, 1974.[30] It is illegal to manufacture, possess, import, export, buy, sell, procure or dispense it without a license.[31]
  • Italy: DMT is a Schedule I controlled substance.[32]
  • Hungary: DMT is illegal to possess, produce and sell.[citation needed]
  • Ireland: DMT is controlled under the Misuse of Drugs Acts, 1977.[33]
  • Latvia: DMT is a Schedule I controlled substance.[34]
  • The Netherlands: DMT is classified as a Lijst 1 (List I) controlled substance under the Opiumwet (Opium Law).[35]
  • New Zealand: DMT is classified in New Zealand as a Class A controlled substance under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1975.[36]
  • Norway: DMT is a Schedule I controlled substance.[citation needed]
  • Russia: DMT is a список I (List I) contolled substance. It is illegal to possess, produce and sell.[37]
  • Serbia: DMT is a List 4 controlled substance.[citation needed]
  • Sweden: DMT is controlled under Förteckning I (Schedule 1).[38]
  • United Kingdom: DMT is a Class A controlled substance.[39]
  • United States: DMT is a Schedule I controlled substance.[citation needed] Rules are relaxed regarding religious use, however. In the US, dried root bark of Mimosa hostilis had been considered a "grey area" item for a long time. However, recent efforts by the DEA appear to be focusing on eliminating internet sales of the bark, citing 21 USC § 841, which states that "(IV) any compound, mixture, or preparation which contains any quantity of any of the substances referred to in subclauses (I) through (III)" is also considered an illegal substance. Many USA based vendors have since been stocking Acacia confusa bark as a result due to its very similar alkaloid content.[citation needed]

See also

External links

Discussion

Literature

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Nichols, David E. (2016). Barker, Eric L., ed. "Psychedelics". Pharmacological Reviews. 68 (2): 264–355. doi:10.1124/pr.115.011478. eISSN 1521-0081. ISSN 0031-6997. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Ott, Jonathan (1994). Ayahuasca Analogues: Pangæan Entheogens (1st ed.). Kennewick, WA, USA: Natural Products. pp. 81–83. ISBN 978-0-9614234-5-2. OCLC 32895480. 
  3. ↑ Shulgin, Alexander; Shulgin, Ann (1997). "DMT is Everywhere". TiHKAL: The Continuation. United States: Transform Press. p. 277. ISBN 0-9630096-9-9. OCLC 38503252. 
  4. ↑ Gallimore, Andrew R.; Strassman, Rick J. (2016). "A Model for the Application of Target-Controlled Intravenous Infusion for a Prolonged Immersive DMT Psychedelic Experience". Frontiers in Pharmacology. 7 (211). doi:10.3389/fphar.2016.00211. eISSN 1663-9812. PMC 4944667 Freely accessible. PMID 27471468. 
  5. ↑ Strassman, Rick J. (1995). "Human psychopharmacology of N,N-dimethyltryptamine". Behavioural Brain Research. 73 (1-2): 121–124. doi:10.1016/0166-4328(96)00081-2. eISSN 1872-7549. ISSN 0166-4328. OCLC 06183451. 
  6. ↑ "Erowid DMT Vault: Basics". Erowid. August 22, 2000. Retrieved January 7, 2020. 
  7. ↑ Lüscher, Christian; Ungless, Mark A. (2006). "The Mechanistic Classification of Addictive Drugs". PLOS Medicine. 3 (11). doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030437. ISSN 1549-1277. PMID 17105338. 
  8. ↑ Strassmann, Rick (1984). "Adverse reactions to psychedelic drugs. A review of the literature". Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 172 (10): 577–595. doi:10.1097/00005053-198410000-00001. ISSN 0022-3018. OCLC 1754691. PMID 6384428. 
  9. ↑ "q21q21" (September 19, 2014). "Q21Q21 tek (and other limeteks) NOT recommended for shredded bark!". DMT Nexus. Retrieved January 8, 2020. 
  10. ↑ Manske R. H. F. (1931). "A synthesis of the methyltryptamines and some derivatives". Canadian Journal of Research. 5 (5): 592–600. doi:10.1139/cjr31-097. ISSN 0366-6581. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Bigwood J.; Ott J. (1977). "DMT: the fifteen minute trip". Head. 2 (4): 56–61. Archived from the original on January 27, 2006. Retrieved November 28, 2010. 
  12. ↑ 12.00 12.01 12.02 12.03 12.04 12.05 12.06 12.07 12.08 12.09 12.10 12.11 Strassman, R. J.; Qualls, C. R.; Uhlenhuth, E. H.; Kellner, R. (1994). "Dose-response study of N,N-dimethyltryptamine in humans. II. Subjective effects and preliminary results of a new rating scale" (PDF). Archives of General Psychiatry. 51 (2): 98–108. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950020022002. eISSN 1538-3636. ISSN 2168-622X. PMID 8297217. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Ott, Jonathan (1996). Pharmacotheon: Entheogenic Drugs, Their Plant Sources and History (2nd, densified ed.). Kennewick, WA: Natural Products. ISBN 978-0-9614234-9-0. 
  14. ↑ Pachter I. J.; Zacharias D. E.; Ribeiro O. (1959). "Indole alkaloids of Acer saccharinum (the silver maple), Dictyoloma incanescens, Piptadenia colubrina, and Mimosa hostilis". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 24 (9): 1285–87. doi:10.1021/jo01091a032. eISSN 1520-6904. ISSN 0022-3263. 
  15. ↑ Fish M. S.; Johnson N. M.; Horning E. C. (1955). "Piptadenia alkaloids. Indole bases of P. peregrina (L.) Benth. and related species". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 72 (22): 5892–95. doi:10.1021/ja01627a034. eISSN 1520-5126. ISSN 0002-7863. 
  16. ↑ Cimino G.; De Stefano S. (1978). "Chemistry of Mediterranean gorgonians: simple indole derivatives from Paramuricea chamaeleon". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C. 61 (2): 361–2. doi:10.1016/0306-4492(78)90070-9. 
  17. ↑ https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/dmt/dmt_journal1.shtml
  18. ↑ Fontanilla, D.; Johannessen, M.; Hajipour, A. R.; Cozzi, N. V.; Jackson, M. B.; Ruoho, A. E. (2009). "The Hallucinogen N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) Is an Endogenous Sigma-1 Receptor Regulator". Science. 323 (5916): 934–937. doi:10.1126/science.1166127. eISSN 1095-9203. ISSN 0036-8075. OCLC 1644869. PMC 2947205 Freely accessible. PMID 19213917. 
  19. ↑ Strassman, Rick J. (2001). DMT: The Spirit Molecule. A Doctor's Revolutionary Research into the Biology of Near-Death and Mystical Experiences. Rochester, Vt: Park Street. ISBN 978-0-89281-927-0. OCLC 45195642.  ("Chapter summaries". Retrieved 27 February 2012. )
  20. ↑ Nichols, David E. (2018). "N,N-dimethyltryptamine and the pineal gland: Separating fact from myth". Journal of Psychopharmacology. doi:10.1177/0269881117736919. eISSN 1461-7285. ISSN 0269-8811. OCLC 19962867. PMID 29095071. 
  21. ↑ "'Mystical' psychedelic compound found in normal brains". Neuroscience News. June 27, 2019. Retrieved January 8, 2020. 
  22. ↑ Ly, Calvin; Greb, Alexandra C.; Cameron, Lindsay P.; Wong, Jonathan M.; Barragan, Eden V.; Wilson, Paige C.; Burbach, Kyle F.; Soltanzadeh Zarandi, Sina; Sood, Alexander; Paddy, Michael R.; Duim, Whitney C.; Dennis, Megan Y.; McAllister, A. Kimberley; Ori-McKenney, Kassandra M.; Gray, John A.; Olson, David E. (2018). "Psychedelics Promote Structural and Functional Neural Plasticity". Cell Reports. 23 (11): 3170–3182. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2018.05.022. ISSN 2211-1247. PMID 29898390. PMC 6082376. 
  23. ↑ "Convention On Psychotropic Substances, 1971" (PDF). United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Retrieved January 3, 2020. 
  24. ↑ Herbert Schaepe (International Narcotics Control Board) (January 17, 2001). "International control of the preparation "ayahuasca"". Erowid. Retrieved January 8, 2020. 
  25. ↑ "Poisons Standard December 2019". Federal Register of Legislation. Office of Parliamentary Counsel. November 14, 2019. Retrieved January 8, 2020. 
  26. ↑ "RESOLUÇÃO DA DIRETORIA COLEGIADA - RDC N° 130, DE 2 DE DEZEMBRO DE 2016" (in Portuguese). Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária [National Sanitary Surveillance Agency]. December 5, 2016. p. 22. Retrieved January 8, 2020. 
  27. ↑ "Schedule III". Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (S.C. 1996, c. 19). Government of Canada. Retrieved January 1, 2020. 
  28. ↑ "Bekendtgørelse om euforiserende stoffer - ni nye stoffer tilføjet" (in Danish). Danish Medicines Ageny. August 31, 2015. Retrieved January 1, 2020. 
  29. ↑ "Anlage I BtMG" (in German). Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz [Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection]. Retrieved December 10, 2019. 
  30. ↑ "Sechste Verordnung über die den Betäubungsmitteln gleichgestellten Stoffe" (PDF). Bundesgesetzblatt Jahrgang 1974 Teil I Nr. 6 (in German). Bundesanzeiger Verlag. January 23, 1974. pp. 97–98. Retrieved January 7, 2020. 
  31. ↑ "§ 29 BtMG" (in German). Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz [Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection]. Retrieved December 10, 2019. 
  32. ↑ "Tabella I" (PDF) (in Italian). Ministero della Salute [Ministry of Health]. p. 8. Retrieved January 7, 2020. 
  33. ↑ "Schedule: Controlled Drugs". Misuse of Drugs Act, 1977. Government of Ireland. Retrieved January 8, 2020. 
  34. ↑ "Noteikumi par Latvijā kontrolējamajām narkotiskajām vielām, psihotropajām vielām un prekursoriem" (in Latvian). VSIA Latvijas Vēstnesis. November 10, 2005. Retrieved January 1, 2020. 
  35. ↑ "Opiumwet" (in Dutch). Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties [Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations]. January 1, 2020. Retrieved January 8, 2020. 
  36. ↑ "Schedule 1 Class A controlled drugs". "Reprint as at 13 August 2019: Misuse of Drugs Act 1975". Parliamentary Counsel Office. Retrieved January 7, 2020. 
  37. ↑ "Постановление Правительства РФ от 30.06.1998 N 681 "Об утверждении перечня наркотических средств, психотропных веществ и их прекурсоров, подлежащих контролю в Российской Федерации" (с изменениями и дополнениями)" (in Russian). ГАРАНТ [GARANT]. Retrieved January 8, 2020. 
  38. ↑ "Läkemedelsverkets författningssamling" (PDF) (in Swedish). Christina Rångemark Åkerman (Läkemedelsverket [Swedish Medical Products Agency]). September 21, 2011. p. 12. ISSN 1101-5225. Retrieved January 8, 2020. 
  39. ↑ "Part I: Class A Drugs". "Misuse of Drugs Act 1971". UK Government. Retrieved January 7, 2020. 


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