Peganum harmala
| Peganum harmala | |
|---|---|
 P. harmala in the nature. |
|
| Taxonomical nomenclature | |
| Kingdom | Plantae |
| Unranked | Angiosperms |
| Unranked | Eudicots |
| Unranked | Rosids |
| Order | Sapindales |
| Family | Nitrariaceae |
| Genus | Peganum |
| Species | P. harmala |
| Common nomenclature | |
| Common names | Espand, Esfand, Syrian rue |
| Constituents | |
| Active constituents | Harmala alkaloid |
Peganum harmala, commonly called Syrian rue, harmel, espand, esfand, wild rue, African rue, or aspand, is a plant native to the eastern Iranian region west to India. It has also spread invasively throughout Arizona, California, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Texas and Washington.[1] The plant itself produces seeds which contain harmala alkaloids and is easily accessible and legal to purchase online.
Contents
Chemistry
Powdered syrian rue seeds act as a MAOI at doses of 2-5g. Syrian rue seeds contain several different harmala alkaloids at slightly varying percentages. Only some are monoamine oxidase A inhibitors. In one study, total harmala alkaloids were at least 5.9% of dried weight.[2][3][4] Seed extracts were potent reversible and competitive inhibitors of MAO-A but poor inhibitors of MAO-B.[5]
- Desoxypeganine[6]. A selective MAO-A inhibitor.[7]
- Harmane (harman), 0.16%[4] Harman is a selective MAO-A inhibitor.[8][9]
- Harmine (banisterine, telepathine), 0.44%[10]–1.84%[4]–4.3%[5] Harmine is a nonselective MAO-A and MAO-B inhibitor. Also, the coatings of the seeds are said to contain large amounts of harmine.[11]
- Harmaline (harmidine), 0.25%[4]–0.79%[10]–5.6%[5] Harmaline is a RIMA.[12]
- Harmalol, 0.6%[5]–3.90%[4]
- Tetrahydroharmine (THH), 0.1%[5]
- Harmol[13]
- Vasicine (peganine),[14] 0.25%[10]
- Vasicinone,[14] 0.0007%[10]
Toxicity and harm potential
Dangerous interactions
Cholinergics
Cholinergic substances combined with Peganum harmala can cause a cholinergic crisis because the plant contains several acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs):
Drug use in pregnancy
Peganum harmala can induce miscarriage. It has traditionally been used as an abortifacient agent in Morocco, North Africa, and the Middle East.[18] It is believed that quinazoline alkaloids such as vasicine and vasicinone are responsible for the abortifacient activity of the plant.[19]
See also
External links
References
- ↑ https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=PEHA
- ↑ http://www.phcogrev.com/article.asp?issn=0973-7847;year=2013;volume=7;issue=14;spage=199;epage=212;aulast=Moloudizargari
- ↑ http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15563650701323205
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Hemmateenejad B, Abbaspour A, Maghami H, Miri R, Panjehshahin MR (August 2006). "Partial least squares-based multivariate spectral calibration method for simultaneous determination of beta-carboline derivatives in Peganum harmala seed extracts". Anal. Chim. Acta. 575 (2): 290–9. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2006.05.093. PMID 17723604.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Herraiz T, González D, Ancín-Azpilicueta C, Arán VJ, Guillén H (March 2010). "beta-Carboline alkaloids in Peganum harmala and inhibition of human monoamine oxidase (MAO)". Food Chem. Toxicol. 48 (3): 839–45. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2009.12.019. PMID 20036304.
- ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3841998/
- ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18560630
- ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16139309
- ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8149995
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Pulpati H, Biradar YS, Rajani M (2008). "High-performance thin-layer chromatography densitometric method for the quantification of harmine, harmaline, vasicine, and vasicinone in Peganum harmala". J AOAC Int. 91 (5): 1179–85. PMID 18980138.
- ↑ "African rue or Harmel". www.cdfa.ca.gov. Retrieved 2008-02-02.
- ↑ Massaro, E. J. (2002). Handbook of Neurotoxicology. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press. p. 237. ISBN 0-89603-796-7.
- ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12609665
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 http://www.thenook.org/archives/tek/06332ott.htmlTemplate:Full citation needed
- ↑ Studies in Natural Products Chemistry, Volume 43, page 43
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19784581
- ↑ https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0122366
- ↑ https://www.hindawi.com/journals/criem/2014/783236/
- ↑ https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/zygophyllaceae