2C-B

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Summary sheet: 2C-B
2C-B
2C-B.svg
Chemical Nomenclature
Common names 2C-B, Nexus, Bees
Substitutive name 4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine
Systematic name 2-(4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethanamine
Class Membership
Psychoactive class Psychedelic
Chemical class Phenethylamine
Routes of Administration

WARNING: Always start with lower doses due to differences between individual body weight, tolerance, metabolism, and personal sensitivity. See responsible use section.



⇣ Oral
Dosage
Threshold 5 mg
Light 10 - 15 mg
Common 15 - 25 mg
Strong 25 - 45 mg
Heavy 45 mg +
Duration
Total 5 - 8 hours
Onset 20 - 40 minutes
Come up 40 - 60 minutes
Peak 2 - 3 hours
Offset 1.5 - 3 hours
After effects 2 - 4 hours









DISCLAIMER: PW's dosage information is gathered from users and resources for educational purposes only. It is not a recommendation and should be verified with other sources for accuracy.

Interactions
Cannabis
Stimulants
Tramadol
Lithium

4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (also known as Nexus, Bromo Mescaline, BDMPEA, Venus, and 2C-B) is a novel psychedelic substance of the phenethylamine class. It is the most well-known member of the 2C-x family of psychedelic phenethylamines, which are chemically similar to the classical psychedelic mescaline. 2C-B is thought to produce its effects through stimulation of serotonin receptors in parts of the brain; however, the precise mechanism of action is not known.

2C-B was discovered in 1974 by the American chemist Alexander Shulgin, who documented its synthesis and subjective effects in his 1991 book PiHKAL ("Phenethylamines I Have Known and Loved").[1][2] In the 1970s, it was used in patients by a small number of American psychotherapists and was considered one of the best substances for this purpose due to its short duration, relative absence of side effects, and comparably mild nature.[3] It entered into recreational use shortly afterward and was manufactured and sold commercially under names such as "Eros" and "Nexus" in head/smart shops and adult video stores. It was federally prohibited by the DEA in 1995.[4]

Subjective effects include open and closed-eye visuals, time distortion, euphoria, and ego loss. User reports have described the effects of 2C-B as moderate, warm, colorful, and highly sensual. Similar to mescaline, it is described as possessing a less serious or grandiose headspace than tryptamines like LSD or psilocybin mushrooms and placing a greater emphasis on visual and tactile effects. Smaller doses (under 15 mg) can be used as a sensory and aesthetic enhancer, in a manner somewhat similar to MDMA, while larger doses are reported to produce a distinct mind-manifesting effect.

2C-B is considered to be physiologically well-tolerated and likely has a safety profile similar to classical psychedelics (i.e. known to have low toxicity). However, more research is needed to fully understand the toxicity and health risks of 2C-B. It is highly advised to use harm reduction practices if using this substance.

History and culture

2C-B was first synthesized and tested for psychoactivity in 1974 by the American chemist and psychedelic researcher Alexander Shulgin as part of a search of novel psychedelic compounds based on the chemical structure of mescaline. His findings were later published in the 1991 book PiHKAL, in which it was listed among the "magical half-dozen" of psychedelic phenethylamines that he deemed most important.[1] The list consists of mescaline, DOM, 2C-B, 2C-E, 2C-T-2, and 2C-T-7.[5] In interviews, Shulgin repeatedly declared it his favorite psychedelic trip.[6]

In the 1970s, 2C-B was used in patients by a small number of psychotherapists in the United States. These therapists reported that it created a warm, empathetic bond between them and their patients, helping to break down their ego defenses and inner resistances and allowing the patient to get in touch with suppressed emotions and repressed memories.[7] The gentle nature of 2C-B, in addition to its mild side effects and short duration, were found to be desirable traits for a therapeutic setting.

Shortly after gaining traction in the underground psychotherapy community, 2C-B became popular in the recreational drug scene. 2C-B was well-liked as a MDMA substitute in raves and parties due to its minimal comedown and a clear, euphoric headspace. In the 1980s and early 1990s, several foreign companies legitimately manufactured 2C-B under the brand names "Nexus", "Erox", and "Performax" and advertised that it would alleviate impotence, frigidity, and diminished libido. It was sold at adult book and video stores, "head" shops, and some nightclubs. The DEA reported its distribution in Miami, Florida as yellow pills marketed as an aphrodisiac.[citation needed]

In the United States, 2C-B gained popularity as an alternative to MDMA following its classification as a Schedule I substance in 1985. Its increasing popularity led it to be placed in Schedule I in 1995.[4] It saw a resurgence in interest in the 2000s, with the advent of the "research chemicals"/"designer drugs" scene and darknet markets.

2C-B was legally sold in Southern Africa from 1993 to early 1996. It was marketed as medicine for Sangomas (traditional healers) under the name "Ubulawu Nomathotholo", which roughly translates to "Medicine of the Singing Ancestors".[8][9][10]

Chemistry

Molecule.svg

This chemistry section is incomplete.

You can help by adding to it.

2C-B, or 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenethylamine, is a substituted phenethylamine. Substituted phenethylamines are a chemical class of organic compounds that are based upon the phenethylamine structure, a phenyl ring bound to an amino (NH2) group through an ethyl chain. 2C-B possesses methoxy functional groups CH3O- attached to carbons R2 and R5 as well as a bromine atom attached to carbon R4 of the phenyl ring.

2C-B belongs to the 2C family of phenethylamines, all of which possess methoxy groups on the 2 and 5 positions of the benzene ring.[1]

Pharmacology

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This pharmacology section is incomplete.

You can help by adding to it.

Further information: Serotonergic psychedelic

Unlike most psychedelics, 2C-B has been shown to be a low efficacy serotonin 5-HT2A receptor partial agonist[11] or even full antagonist.[12] This suggests that the 5-HT2C receptor is primarily responsible for mediating the effects experienced by users of 2C-B.[11] Research also suggests that 2C-B increases dopamine levels in the brains of rats which may contribute to its psychoactivity.[13]

However, the role of these interactions and how they result in the psychedelic experience continues to remain elusive.

Subjective effects

Disclaimer: The effects listed below cite the Subjective Effect Index (SEI), a research literature based on anecdotal reports and the personal experiences of PsychonautWiki contributors. As a result, they should be regarded with a healthy degree of skepticism. It is worth noting that these effects will not necessarily occur in a predictable or reliable manner, although higher doses are more liable to induce the full spectrum of effects. Likewise, adverse effects become much more likely with higher doses and may include addiction, serious injury, or death.

Physical effects
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Visual effects
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Cognitive effects
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Auditory effects
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Multi-sensory effects
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    • Synaesthesia - In its fullest manifestation, this is a very rare and non-reproducible effect. Increasing the dosage can increase the likelihood of synesthesia, but seems to only be a prominent part of the experience among those who are already predisposed to synaesthetic states.

Transpersonal effects
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Combinational effects

  • Cannabis - Cannabis majorly intensifies and extends both the sensory and cognitive effects of 2C-B. Extreme caution should be exercised with this combination as it can also elevate the anxiety, confusion and psychosis risk of cannabis.
  • Dissociatives - When combined with dissociatives, the geometry, euphoria, dissociation and hallucinatory effects are often greatly enhanced. Dissociative-induced holes, spaces, and voids while under the influence of 2C-B have significantly more vivid visuals than dissociatives alone. It also results in more intense internal hallucinations and corresponding confusion which can develop into delusions and psychosis.
  • Nitrous - Nitrous oxide is commonly used in combination with psychedelics. The two are known to possess powerful cross-synergistic effects, including the capacity to send the user directly into an "ego death" state. The speed and intensity with which this occurs is very rapid and the euphoria that can result often leads to the urge to compulsively redose.
  • MDMA - When combined with MDMA, the physical and cognitive effects of 2C-B become strongly amplified. The visual, physical and cognitive effects of 2C-B are also intensified with strong sensations of euphoric pleasure manifested through distinct body highs and headspaces, and uniquely colorful visuals. The synergy between these substances is unpredictable, and it is best to start with markedly lower dosages than one would take for both substances individually. This combination may increase the neurotoxic effects of MDMA based on its similarity to LSD, which has been found to increase MDMA neurotoxicity.[14]
  • Alcohol - Alcohol can increase the disinhibiting and euphoric effects of 2C-B which lends to its use in recreational settings. It can be used in light doses to "take the edge off" a trip as well as dull its psychedelic effects in a fashion somewhat similar to benzodiazepines. However, this is not typically recommended due to alcohol’s ability to cause dehydration and nausea and physical fatigue which can negatively affect a trip if taken in moderate to high dosages. Heavy drinking is strongly discouraged as it can easily lead to black outs and unpredictable behavior.
  • Benzodiazepines - Benzodiazepines can, depending on the dosage, slightly to completely reduce the intensity of the cognitive, physical and visual effects of a 2C-B trip. They are very efficient at stopping "bad trips" at the cost of amnesia and reduced trip intensity. Caution is advised when acquiring them for this purpose due to their very high abuse and addiction potential.
  • Psychedelics - When used in combination with other psychedelics, each substance's physical, cognitive and visual effects intensify and synergize strongly. The synergy between those substances is unpredictable, and for this reason generally not advised. If choosing to combine psychedelics, it is recommended to start with significantly lower dosages than one would take for either substance individually.

Experience reports

Anecdotal reports which describe the effects of this compound within our experience index include:

Additional experience reports can be found here:

Toxicity and harm potential

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This toxicity and harm potential section is a stub.

As such, it may contain incomplete or even dangerously wrong information. You can help by expanding or correcting it.
We also recommend that you conduct independent research and use harm reduction practices when using this substance.

Further information: Responsible use § Hallucinogens

The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational 2C-B use have not been studied in any scientific context, and the exact toxic dose is unknown.

Anecdotal evidence suggests that there are no negative health effects attributed to simply trying it by itself at low to moderate doses or using it very sparingly (although nothing can be completely guaranteed).

It is strongly recommended that one use harm reduction practices when using this substance.

Neurotoxicity

2C-B at normal doses is unlikely to be neurotoxic.[15] Through rough extrapolations of data from rat cortical cultures, the IC50 of neuronal activity may result from a dose of at least a 330-650mg.[16] In other words, users should avoid a dose that large in order to avoid long term damage, but typical doses should be well within a safe range.

Cardiac risk

Users have reported experiencing hypertension, hyperthermia and tachycardia at higher doses.[17] As such, those with pre-existing heart conditions should avoid using 2C-B, and users monitor their temperature and heart-rate and respond accordingly. Heavy physical exertion while on 2C-B is discouraged.

Lethal dosage

There is no current data for the LD50 of 2C-B, but it is thought to be considerably higher than the active dose. Alexander Shulgin reported a 100 mg oral dose taken without apparent harm.[1]

Dependence and abuse potential

As with other serotonergic psychedelic, 2C-B is considered to be non-addictive with a low potential for abuse.

Tolerance to the effects of 2C-B are not built almost immediately after ingestion. There are many anecdotal reports of people ingesting this substance many days in a row with no immediate tolerance build up. 2C-B produces cross-tolerance with other serotonergic psychedelics, meaning that after the use of 2C-B all psychedelics will have a reduced effect.

Dangerous interactions

Although many psychoactive substances are reasonably safe to use on their own, they can suddenly become dangerous or even life-threatening when combined with other substances. The following list includes some known dangerous combinations (although it is not guaranteed to include all of them). Independent research (e.g. Google, DuckDuckGo) should always be conducted to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe to consume. Some of the listed interactions have been sourced from TripSit.

Legal status

Internationally, 2C-B was added to the UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances as a Schedule II substance on March 20, 2001.[19]

  • Argentina: 2C-B is a Schedule I controlled substance.[20]
  • Australia: 2C-B is illegal to possess, produce and sell in Australia.[citation needed]
  • Austria: 2C-B is illegal to possess, produce and sell in Austria under the SMG (Suchtmittelgesetz Österreich). 2C-B is listed in Schedule V of the Suchtgiftverordnung, which further specifies the SMG.[21]
  • Belgium: 2C-B is illegal to possess, produce and sell in Belgium.[citation needed]
  • Brazil: 2C-B is illegal to possess, produce and sell in Brazil as it is listed on Portaria SVS/MS nº 344.[22]
  • Canada: 2C-B is a Schedule III drug in Canada.[23]
  • Croatia: 2C-B is illegal to possess, produce and sell in Croatia as a result of it being a 2,5-dimethoxyphenylethanamine.[24]
  • Denmark: 2C-B is a List B controlled substance.[25]
  • Estonia: 2C-B is a Schedule I drug in Estonia.[citation needed]
  • Finland: Possession, production and sale of 2C-B is illegal in Finland.[citation needed]
  • Germany: 2C-B is controlled under Anlage I BtMG (Narcotics Act, Schedule I)[26] as of January 31, 1993.[27] It is illegal to manufacture, possess, import, export, buy, sell, procure or dispense it without a license.[28]
  • Italy: 2C-B is a Schedule I (tabella I) drug in Italy[29]
  • Japan: Possession, production and sale is illegal.[citation needed]
  • Latvia: 2C-B is a Schedule I controlled substance.[30]
  • The Netherlands: Possession, production and sale is illegal.[citation needed]
  • Norway: 2C-B is a Schedule II drug.[citation needed]
  • Poland: 2C-B is a Schedule I drug.[citation needed]
  • Russia: Possession, production and sale is illegal.[citation needed]
  • Spain: 2C-B is a Category 2 drug.[citation needed]
  • Sweden: 2C-B is a Schedule I drug.[31]
  • Switzerland: 2C-B is a controlled substance specifically named under Verzeichnis D.[32]
  • Turkey: 2C-B is a classed as drug and is illegal to possess, produce, supply, or import.[33]
  • United Kingdom: 2C-B is a Class A drug in the United Kingdom as a result of the phenethylamine catch-all clause.[34]
  • United States: 2C-B is a Schedule I drug.[35]
  • Czech Republic: 2-CB is a Schedule II drug.[36]

See also

External links

Discussion

Literature

  • González, D., Torrens, M., & Farré, M. (2015). Acute Effects of the Novel Psychoactive Drug 2C-B on Emotions. BioMed Research International, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/643878
  • Papaseit, E., Farré, M., Pérez-Mañá, C., Torrens, M., Ventura, M., Pujadas, M., ... & González, D. (2018). Acute Pharmacological Effects of 2C-B in Humans: An Observational Study. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 9, 206. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00206

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Alexander Shulgin; Ann Shulgin (1991). "#20. 2C-B". PiHKAL: A Chemical Love Story. United States: Transform Press. ISBN 0963009605. OCLC 1166889264. 
  2. ↑ Shulgin, A. T.; Carter, M. F. (1975). "Centrally active phenethylamines". Psychopharmacology Communications. 1 (1): 93–98. ISSN 0098-616X. OCLC 924603662. PMID 1223994. 
  3. ↑ "2C-B: Effects". Erowid. February 12, 1998 [Modified 2015]. Retrieved February 10, 2020. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "2C-B (Nexus) Reappears on the Club Drug Scene" (PDF). Information Bulletin. Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA). May 2001. 2001-L0424-002. 
  5. ↑ Alexander Shulgin; Ann Shulgin (1991). PiHKAL: A Chemical Love Story. United States: Transform Press. ISBN 0963009605. OCLC 1166889264. 
  6. ↑ David Biello (March 20, 2008). "Self-Experimenters: Psychedelic Chemist Explores the Surreality of Inner Space, One Drug at a Time". Scientific American. Nature Publishing Group. eISSN 1946-7087. ISSN 0036-8733. Retrieved October 10, 2020. 
  7. ↑ "2C-B (Nexus)". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved October 10, 2020. 
  8. ↑ "History of Nexus". Tacethno.com. March 27, 2008. Retrieved May 15, 2012. [dubious – discuss]
  9. ↑ "Anu" (February 1996) [Modified 2016]. "The Nexus Factor: An Introduction to 2C-B". Erowid. Retrieved October 10, 2020. 
  10. ↑ Ubulawu Nomathotholo Package (Picture). Erowid. 2002. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Moya, P. R.; Berg, K. A.; Gutiérrez-Hernandez, M. A.; Sáez-Briones, P.; Reyes-Parada, M.; Cassels, B. K.; Clarke, W. P. (2007). "Functional Selectivity of Hallucinogenic Phenethylamine and Phenylisopropylamine Derivatives at Human 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)2A and 5-HT2C Receptors". Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 321 (3): 1054–1061. doi:10.1124/jpet.106.117507. eISSN 1521-0103. ISSN 0022-3565. OCLC 1606914. PMID 17337633. 
  12. ↑ Villalobos, C. A.; Bull, P.; Sáez, P.; Cassels, B. K.; Huidobro‐Toro, J. P. (2004). "4‐Bromo‐2,5‐dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C‐B) and structurally related phenylethylamines are potent 5‐HT2A receptor antagonists in Xenopus laevis oocytes". British Journal of Pharmacology. 141 (7): 1167–1174. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705722 Freely accessible. eISSN 1476-5381. ISSN 0007-1188. OCLC 01240522. PMC 1574890 Freely accessible. PMID 15006903. 
  13. ↑ Páleníček, T.; Fujáková, M.; Brunovský, M.; Horáček, J.; Gorman, I.; Balíková, M.; Rambousek, L.; Syslová, K.; Kačer, P.; Zach, P.; Bubeníková-Valešová, V.; Tylš, F.; Kubešová, A.; Puskarčíková, J.; Höschl, C. (2013). "Behavioral, neurochemical and pharmaco-EEG profiles of the psychedelic drug 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B) in rats". Psychopharmacology. 225: 75–93. doi:10.1007/s00213-012-2797-7. eISSN 1432-2072. ISSN 0033-3158. OCLC 2409222. PMID 22842791. 
  14. ↑ Armstrong, B. D.; Paik, E.; Chhith, S.; Lelievre, V.; Waschek, J. A.; Howard, S. G. (October 26, 2004). "Potentiation of (DL)‐3, 4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)‐induced toxicity by the serotonin 2A receptior partial agonist d‐lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and the protection of same by the serotonin 2A/2C receptor antagonist MDL 11,939". Neuroscience Research Communications. 35 (2): 83–95. doi:10.1002/nrc.20023. eISSN 1520-6769. 
  15. ↑ Hondebrink, L.; Zwartsen, A.; Westerink, R. H. S. (2018). "Effect fingerprinting of new psychoactive substances (NPS): What can we learn from in vitro data?". Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 182: 193–224. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.10.022 Freely accessible. eISSN 1879-016X. ISSN 0163-7258. OCLC 04981366. PMID 29097307. 
  16. ↑ Zwartsen, A.; Hondebrink, L.; Westerink, R. H. S. (2018). "Neurotoxicity screening of new psychoactive substances (NPS): Effects on neuronal activity in rat cortical cultures using microelectrode arrays (MEA)". NeuroToxicology. 66: 87–97. doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2018.03.007. ISSN 0161-813X. OCLC 47153737. PMID 29572046. 
  17. ↑ Papaseit, E.; Farré, M.; Pérez-Mañá, C.; Torrens, M.; Ventura, M.; Pujadas, M.; de la Torre, R.; González, D. (2018). "Acute Pharmacological Effects of 2C-B in Humans: An Observational Study". Frontiers in Pharmacology. 9: 206. doi:10.3389/fphar.2018.00206 Freely accessible. ISSN 1663-9812. OCLC 1198838203. PMC 5859368 Freely accessible. PMID 29593537. 
  18. ↑ Talaie, H.; Panahandeh, R.; Fayaznouri, M. R.; Asadi, Z.; Abdollahi, M. (2009). "Dose-independent occurrence of seizure with tramadol". Journal of Medical Toxicology. 5 (2): 63–67. doi:10.1007/BF03161089. ISSN 1556-9039. 
  19. ↑ "Inclusion of 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C -B) in Schedule II of the Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971". United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). March 20, 2001. CND Dec.44/1. Retrieved December 10, 2019. 
  20. ↑ "Decreto 299/2010: Actualización de la lista de estupefacientes y demás sustancias químicas que deberán ser incluidas en losalcances de la Ley Nº 23.737" (PDF) (in Spanish). February 3, 2010. Retrieved December 10, 2019. 
  21. ↑ "Bundesrecht konsolidiert: Gesamte Rechtsvorschrift für Suchtgiftverordnung" (in German). May 18, 2020. Retrieved January 10, 2021. 
  22. ↑ "RESOLUÇÃO DA DIRETORIA COLEGIADA - RDC N° 130, DE 2 DE DEZEMBRO DE 2016" (in Portuguese). Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA) [Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (ANVISA)]. December 5, 2016. 
  23. ↑ "Schedule III". Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (CDSA). Isomer Design. Retrieved October 10, 2020. 
  24. ↑ "Popis: Droga, psihotropnih tvari i biljaka iz kojih se može dobiti droga te tvari koje se mogu uporabiti za izradu droga". Narodne novine (in Croatian). January 29, 2016. ISSN 1331-7725. OCLC 299165185. 
  25. ↑ "Bekendtgørelse om euforiserende stoffer" (in Danish). Civilstyrelsen [Civil Agency]. May 31, 2011. BEK Nr. 557. Retrieved December 10, 2019. 
  26. ↑ "Betäubungsmittelgesetz (BtMG) Anlage I" [Narcotics Act (BtMG) Schedule I] (in German). Bundesamt für Justiz [Federal Office of Justice]. Retrieved December 10, 2019. 
  27. ↑ "Vierte Verordnung zur Änderung betäubungsmittelrechtlicher Vorschriften" (PDF). Bundesgesetzblatt Jahrgang 1992 Teil I Nr. 61 (in German). Bundesanzeiger Verlag [Federal Gazette] (published December 31, 1992). December 23, 1992. p. 1058. eISSN 0344-7634. 
  28. ↑ "Betäubungsmittelgesetz (BtMG) § 29" [Narcotics Act (BtMG) § 29] (in German). Bundesamt für Justiz [Federal Office of Justice]. Retrieved December 10, 2019. 
  29. ↑ "Tabella I" (PDF) (in Italian). Ministero della Salute [Ministry of Health]. p. 8. Retrieved January 7, 2020. 
  30. ↑ "Noteikumi par Latvijā kontrolējamajām narkotiskajām vielām, psihotropajām vielām un prekursoriem" (in Latvian). VSIA Latvijas Vēstnesis. November 10, 2005. Retrieved January 1, 2020. 
  31. ↑ "Föreskrifter om ändring i Läkemedelsverkets föreskrifter (LVFS 1997:12) om förteckningar över narkotika" (PDF). Läkemedelsverkets författningssamling (LVFS) (in Swedish). Läkemedelsverket [Swedish Medical Products Agency] (published December 8, 2009). November 25, 2009. p. 1. ISSN 1101-5225. OCLC 185277860. LVFS 2009:22. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 16, 2018. 
  32. ↑ "Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien" (in German). Bundeskanzlei [Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]. Retrieved January 1, 2020. 
  33. ↑ "Bakanlar Kurulu Kararı - Karar Sayısı : 2011/1310". Resmî Gazete, Sayı: 27845 (in Turkish). Başbakanlık Mevzuatı Geliştirme ve Yayın Genel Müdürlüğü [General Directorate of Legislation Development and Publication] (published February 13, 2011). January 7, 2011. 
  34. ↑ "Part I: Class A Drugs". "Misuse of Drugs Act 1971". UK Government. Retrieved January 7, 2020. 
  35. ↑ "Part 1308: Schedules of Controlled Substances: §1308.11 Schedule I". Title 21 Code of Federal Regulations. Diversion Control Devision. Retrieved November 5, 2019. 
  36. ↑ https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/2013-463#f5150333


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