Cognitive intensifications

From PsychonautWiki
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Cognitive intensifications are defined as any subjective effect which increases or raises the intensity of a facet of a person's cognition in a manner that is generally considered either functional or dysfunctional.

This page lists and describes the various cognitive intensifications which can occur under the influence of certain psychoactive compounds.

Anxiety

Main article: Anxiety

Anxiety is medically recognized as the experience of negative feelings of apprehension, worry, and general unease.[1][2] These feelings can range from subtle and ignorable to intense and overwhelming enough to trigger panic attacks or feelings of impending doom. Anxiety is often accompanied by nervous behaviour such as stimulation, restlessness, difficulty concentrating, irritability, and muscular tension.[3] Psychoactive substance-induced anxiety can be caused as an inescapable effect of the drug itself, by a lack of experience with the substance or its intensity, as an intensification of a pre-existing state of mind, or by the experience of negative hallucinations. The focus of anticipated danger can be internally or externally derived.

Anxiety is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as depression and irritability. It is most commonly induced under the influence of moderate dosages of hallucinogenic compounds, such as cannabinoids,[4] psychedelics,[5] dissociatives, and deliriants.[6] However, it can also occur during the withdrawal symptoms of GABAergic depressants[7] and during stimulant comedowns.[8]

Dream potentiation

Main article: Dream potentiation

Dream potentiation is defined as an effect which increases the subjective intensity, vividness, and frequency of sleeping dream states.[9][10] This effect also results in dreams having a more complex and incohesive plot with a higher level of detail and definition.[10] Additionally, the effect causes a greatly increased likelihood of them becoming lucid dreams.

Dream potentiation is most commonly induced under the influence of moderate dosages of oneirogenic compounds, a class of hallucinogen that is used to specifically potentiate dreams when taken before sleep. However, it can also occur as a residual side effect from falling asleep under the influence of an extremely wide variety of substances. At other times, it can occur as a relatively persistent effect that has arisen as a symptom of hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD).

Ego inflation

Main article: Ego inflation

Ego inflation is defined as an effect that magnifies and intensifies one's own ego and self-regard in a manner which results in feeling an increased sense of confidence, superiority, and general arrogance.[11] During this state, it can often feel that one is considerably more intelligent, important, and capable in comparison to those around them. This occurs in a manner which is similar to the psychiatric condition known as narcissistic personality disorder.[12]

At lower levels, this experience can result in an enhanced ability to handle social situations due to a heightened sense of confidence.[13] However, at higher levels, it can result in a reduced ability to handle social situations due to magnifying egoistic behavioural traits that may come across as distinctly obnoxious, narcissistic, and selfish to other people.

It is worth noting that regular and repeated long-term exposure to this effect can leave certain individuals with persistent behavioural traits of ego inflation, even when sober, within their day to day life.

Ego inflation is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as disinhibition, irritability, and paranoia in a manner which can lead to destructive behaviors and violent tendencies.[13] It is most commonly induced under the influence of moderate dosages of stimulant compounds, particularly dopaminergic stimulants such as amphetamines, and cocaine.[11][13][14][15] However, it may also occur under the influence of other compounds such as GABAergic depressants[11] and certain dissociatives.

Emotion intensification

Main article: Emotion intensification

Emotion intensification (also known as affect intensification)[16] is defined as an increase in a person's current emotional state beyond normal levels of intensity.[17][18][19]

Unlike many other subjective effects such as euphoria or anxiety, this effect does not actively induce specific emotions regardless of a person's current state of mind and mental stability. Instead, it works by passively amplifying and enhancing the genuine emotions that a person is already feeling prior to ingesting the drug or prior to the onset of this effect. This causes emotion intensification to be equally capable of manifesting in both a positive and negative direction.[16][17][19][20][21] This effect highlights the importance of set and setting when using psychedelics in a therapeutic context, especially if the goal is to produce a catharsis.[16][18][21]

For example, an individual who is currently feeling somewhat anxious or emotionally unstable may become overwhelmed with intensified negative emotions, paranoia, and confusion. In contrast, an individual who is generally feeling positive and emotionally stable is more likely to find themselves overwhelmed with states of emotional euphoria, happiness, and feelings of general contentment. The intensity of emotional states felt under emotion intensification can shape the tone of a trip and predispose the user to other effects, such as mania or unity in positive states and thought loops or feelings of impending doom in negative states.[19] Intense negative or difficult emotions may still arise in therapeutic contexts, however (with adequate support) people nevertheless view the experience positively due to the perceived value of integrating the emotional states' additional insight.[16][21]

Emotion intensification is most commonly induced under the influence of moderate dosages of psychedelic compounds, such as LSD, psilocybin, and mescaline.[16][17][18][19][21] However, it can also occur under the influence of cannabinoids, GABAergic depressants,[22][23] and stimulants.[20][24]

Focus intensification

Main article: Focus intensification

Focus intensification is defined as the experience of an increased ability to selectively concentrate on an aspect of the environment while ignoring other things. It can be best characterized by feelings of intense concentration which can allow one to continuously focus on and perform tasks which would otherwise be considered too monotonous, boring, or dull to not get distracted from.[25][26]

The degree of focus induced by this effect can be much stronger than what a person is capable of sober. It can allow for hours of effortless, single-minded, and continuous focus on a particular activity to the exclusion of all other considerations such as eating and attending to bodily functions. However, although focus intensification can improve a person’s ability to engage in tasks and use time effectively, it is worth noting that it can also cause a person to focus intensely and spend excess time on unimportant activities.

Focus intensification is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as motivation enhancement, thought acceleration, and stimulation. It is most commonly induced under the influence of moderate dosages of stimulant and nootropic compounds such as amphetamine,[27] methylphenidate,[28] modafinil,[29] and caffeine.[30] However, it is worth noting that the same compounds which induce this mind state at moderate dosages will also often result in the opposite effect of focus suppression at heavier dosages.[31]

Immersion intensification

{{Main|Immersion intensification||

Immersion intensification is defined as an effect which results in a pronounced increase in one's tendency to become fully captivated and engrossed by external stimuli such as music, film, TV shows, video games, and various other forms of media.[32][33][34][35] This greatly increases one's suspension of disbelief, increases one’s empathy with the characters, suppresses one's memory of the "outside world", and allows one to become engaged on a level that is largely unattainable during everyday sober living.

At its highest point of intensity, immersion intensification can reach a level in which the person begins to truly believe that the media they are consuming is a real-life event that is actually happening in front of them or is being relayed through a screen. This is likely a result of the effect synergizing with other accompanying components such as internal or external hallucinations, delusions, memory suppression, and suggestibility intensification. Immersion intensification often exaggerates the emotional response a person has towards media they are engaged with. Whether or not this experience is enjoyable can differ drastically depending on various factors such as the emotional tone and familiarity of what is being perceived.

Immersion intensification is most commonly induced under the influence of moderate dosages of dissociative compounds, such as ketamine, PCP, and DXM. However, it can also occur to a lesser extent under the influence of psychedelics[35] and cannabinoids.

Irritability

Main article: Irritability

Irritability is medically recognized as the pervasive and sustained emotional state of being easily annoyed and provoked to anger.[36] It may be expressed outwardly in the cases of violence towards others, or directed inwards towards oneself in the form of self-harm.[37]

This effect, especially when strong, can sometimes cause violent or aggressive outbursts in a small subset of people who may be predisposed to it. The chances of somebody responding in such a way differs wildly between people and depends on how susceptible an individual is to irritability and how well they cope with it. It is also worth noting that this typically only affects those who were already susceptible to aggressive behaviours. However, regardless of the person, this effect results in a lower ability to tolerate frustrations, negative stimuli, and other people. A person undergoing this effect may be prone to lashing out at others, fits of anger, or other behaviours that would be uncharacteristic for them sober.

Irritability is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as anxiety, paranoia, and ego inflation. It is most commonly induced during the after effects of heavy dosages of stimulant compounds, such as cocaine, methamphetamine,[38] and methylphenidate.[39] However, it can be a withdrawal symptom of almost any substance, and can to a lesser extent present itself during alcohol intoxication.[40]

Personal meaning intensification

Main article: Personal meaning intensification

Personal meaning intensification (also known as aberrant salience) is defined as the experience of a considerably increased sense of personal significance becoming attributed to innocuous situations, and coincidences.[41][42][43][44][45] Trivial observations not usually noticed may seem connected, and a subjective state of "seeing solutions" might evolve to one of seeing problems, ultimately arriving at a full-fledged paranoid psychosis.[46] For example, one may feel that the lyrics of a song or events in a film directly relate to their life in a meaningful and distinct manner that is not usually felt during everyday sobriety. This feeling can continue to occur even when it is rationally understood that the external stimuli does not genuinely relate to the person experiencing it in such a direct manner.

At its highest level, this effect will often synergize with delusions in a manner which can result in one genuinely believing that innocuous events are directly related to them.[41] For example, one may begin to believe that the plot of a film is about their life or that a song was written for them. This phenomenon is well established within psychiatry and is commonly known as a "delusion of reference."[47][48]

Suggestibility intensification

Main article: Suggestibility intensification

Suggestibility intensification is defined as an increased tendency to accept and act on the ideas or attitudes of others.[49] A common example of suggestibility enhancement in action would be a trip sitter deliberately making a person believe a false statement without question simply by telling it to them as true, even if the statement would usually be easily recognizable as impossible or absurd. If this is successfully accomplished, it can potentially result in the experience of relevant accompanying hallucinations and delusions which further solidify the belief which has been suggested to them.

Suggestibility intensification most commonly occurs under the influence of heavy dosages of hallucinogenic compounds, such as psychedelics, dissociatives, deliriants, and cannabinoids. This holds particularly true for users who are inexperienced or currently undergoing delusions and memory suppression. It's worth noting that this effect has been studied extensively by the scientific literature and has a relatively large body of data confirming its presence across multiple hallucinogens. These include LSD,[50] mescaline,[49] psilocybin,[49] cannabis,[51] ketamine,[52] and nitrous oxide.[53] However, anecdotal reports suggest that it may also occur to a lesser extent under the influence of GABAergic depressants such as alcohol and benzodiazepines.

Thought acceleration

Main article: Thought acceleration

Thought acceleration (also known as racing thoughts)[54] is defined as the experience of thought processes being sped up significantly in comparison to that of everyday sobriety.[55][56] When experiencing this effect, it will often feel as if one rapid-fire thought after the other is being generated in incredibly quick succession. Thoughts while undergoing this effect are not necessarily qualitatively different, but greater in their volume and speed. However, they are commonly associated with a change in mood that can be either positive or negative.[54][57]

Thought acceleration is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as stimulation, anxiety, and analysis enhancement in a manner which not only increases the speed of thought, but also significantly enhances the sharpness of a person's mental clarity. It is most commonly induced under the influence of moderate dosages of stimulant and nootropic compounds, such as amphetamine, methylphenidate, modafinil, and MDMA. However, it can also occur under the influence of certain stimulating psychedelics such as LSD, 2C-E, DOC, AMT.

Wakefulness

Main article: Wakefulness

Wakefulness is defined as an increased ability to stay conscious without feeling sleepy combined with a decreased need to sleep.[58] It is contrasted with stimulation in that it does not directly increase one's energy levels above a normal baseline but instead produces feelings of a wakeful, well-rested, and alert state.[59][60] If one is sleepy before using this substance, the impulse to sleep will fade, keeping one’s eyes open will become easier, and the cognitive fog of exhaustion will be reduced.[61] However, sufficiently accumulated sleep deficiency can overpower or negate this effect in extreme cases.[59]

Wakefulness is most commonly induced under the influence of moderate dosages of a wide variety of compounds such as stimulants, nootropics, and psychedelics. However, it is worth noting that the few compounds which selectively induce this effect without a number of other accompanying effects are referred to as eugeroics or wakefulness-promoting agents. These include modafinil[59][60][62][63] and armodafinil.[59]



See also

References

  1. ↑ "Glossary of Technical Terms". Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.): 189–190. 2013. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.GlossaryofTechnicalTerms. 
  2. ↑ "Anxiety or fear-related disorders". International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems (11th ed.). 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022. 
  3. ↑ "Anxiety Disorders". Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.): 818. 2013. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm05. 
  4. ↑ Crippa, José Alexandre; Zuardi, Antonio Waldo; Martín-Santos, Rocio; Bhattacharyya, Sagnik; Atakan, Zerrin; McGuire, Philip; Fusar-Poli, Paolo (2009). "Cannabis and anxiety: a critical review of the evidence". Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental. 24 (7): 515–523. doi:10.1002/hup.1048. ISSN 0885-6222. 
  5. ↑ Wolbach, A. B.; Miner, E. J.; Isbell, Harris (1962). "Comparison of psilocin with psilocybin, mescaline and LSD-25". Psychopharmacologia. 3 (3): 219–223. doi:10.1007/BF00412109. ISSN 0033-3158. 
  6. ↑ Datura effects (Erowid) | https://erowid.org/plants/datura/datura_effects.shtml
  7. ↑ "Rebound anxiety in anxious patients after abrupt withdrawal of benzodiazepine treatment". American Journal of Psychiatry. 141 (7): 848–852. 1984. doi:10.1176/ajp.141.7.848. ISSN 0002-953X. 
  8. ↑ Williamson, S (1997). "Adverse effects of stimulant drugs in a community sample of drug users". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 44 (2-3): 87–94. doi:10.1016/S0376-8716(96)01324-5. ISSN 0376-8716. 
  9. ↑ Pavel, S.; Goldstein, R.; Petrescu, Magdalena (1980). "Vasotocin, melatonin and narcolepsy: Possible involvement of the pineal gland in its patho-physiological mechanism". Peptides. 1 (4): 281–284. doi:10.1016/0196-9781(80)90003-0. ISSN 0196-9781. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Pace-Schott, Edward F.; Gersh, Tamara; Silvestri, Rosalia; Stickgold, Robert; Salzman, Carl; Hobson, J. Allan (2001). "SSRI Treatment suppresses dream recall frequency but increases subjective dream intensity in normal subjects". Journal of Sleep Research. 10 (2): 129–142. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2869.2001.00249.x. ISSN 0962-1105. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Nour, Matthew M.; Evans, Lisa; Nutt, David; Carhart-Harris, Robin L. (2016). "Ego-Dissolution and Psychedelics: Validation of the Ego-Dissolution Inventory (EDI)". Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 10. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00269. ISSN 1662-5161. 
  12. ↑ "Personality Disorders". Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.): 669–672. 2013. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm18. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Spotts, James V.; Shontz, Franklin C. (2009). "Drug-Induced Ego States. I. Cocaine: Phenomenology and Implications". International Journal of the Addictions. 19 (2): 119–151. doi:10.3109/10826088409057173. ISSN 0020-773X. 
  14. ↑ Woodham, Robert L. (1988). "A Self-Psychological Consideration in Cocaine Addiction". Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly. 4 (3): 41–46. doi:10.1300/J020V04N03_04. ISSN 0734-7324. 
  15. ↑ Kuypers, K.P.C.; Steenbergen, L.; Theunissen, E.L.; Toennes, S.W.; Ramaekers, J.G. (2015). "Emotion recognition during cocaine intoxication". European Neuropsychopharmacology. 25 (11): 1914–1921. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.08.012. ISSN 0924-977X. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 Gasser, Peter; Kirchner, Katharina; Passie, Torsten (2014). "LSD-assisted psychotherapy for anxiety associated with a life-threatening disease: A qualitative study of acute and sustained subjective effects". Journal of Psychopharmacology. 29 (1): 57–68. doi:10.1177/0269881114555249. ISSN 0269-8811. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Kaelen, M.; Barrett, F. S.; Roseman, L.; Lorenz, R.; Family, N.; Bolstridge, M.; Curran, H. V.; Feilding, A.; Nutt, D. J.; Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2015). "LSD enhances the emotional response to music". Psychopharmacology. 232 (19): 3607–3614. doi:10.1007/s00213-015-4014-y. ISSN 0033-3158. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Hartogsohn, Ido (2018). "The Meaning-Enhancing Properties of Psychedelics and Their Mediator Role in Psychedelic Therapy, Spirituality, and Creativity". Frontiers in Neuroscience. 12. doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00129. ISSN 1662-453X. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 Swanson, Link R. (2018). "Unifying Theories of Psychedelic Drug Effects". Frontiers in Pharmacology. 9. doi:10.3389/fphar.2018.00172. ISSN 1663-9812. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Miller, Melissa A.; Bershad, Anya K.; de Wit, Harriet (2015). "Drug effects on responses to emotional facial expressions". Behavioural Pharmacology. 26 (6): 571–579. doi:10.1097/FBP.0000000000000164. ISSN 0955-8810. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 Belser, Alexander B.; Agin-Liebes, Gabrielle; Swift, T. Cody; Terrana, Sara; Devenot, Neşe; Friedman, Harris L.; Guss, Jeffrey; Bossis, Anthony; Ross, Stephen (2017). "Patient Experiences of Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis". Journal of Humanistic Psychology. 57 (4): 354–388. doi:10.1177/0022167817706884. ISSN 0022-1678. 
  22. ↑ Kamboj, Sunjeev K.; Joye, Alyssa; Bisby, James A.; Das, Ravi K.; Platt, Bradley; Curran, H. Valerie (2012). "Processing of facial affect in social drinkers: a dose–response study of alcohol using dynamic emotion expressions". Psychopharmacology. 227 (1): 31–39. doi:10.1007/s00213-012-2940-5. ISSN 0033-3158. 
  23. ↑ Philippot, Pierre; Kornreich, Charles; Blairy, Sylvie; Baert, Iseult; Dulk, Anne Den; Bon, Olivier Le; Streel, Emmanuel; Hess, Ursula; Pelc, Isy; Verbanck, Paul (1999). "Alcoholics'Deficits in the Decoding of Emotional Facial Expression". Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 23 (6): 1031–1038. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1999.tb04221.x. ISSN 0145-6008. 
  24. ↑ Wardle, Margaret C.; Garner, Matthew J.; Munafò, Marcus R.; de Wit, Harriet (2012). "Amphetamine as a social drug: effects of d-amphetamine on social processing and behavior". Psychopharmacology. 223 (2): 199–210. doi:10.1007/s00213-012-2708-y. ISSN 0033-3158. 
  25. ↑ Ford, Jason A.; Schroeder, Ryan D. (2008). "Academic Strain and Non-Medical Use of Prescription Stimulants among College Students". Deviant Behavior. 30 (1): 26–53. doi:10.1080/01639620802049900. ISSN 0163-9625. 
  26. ↑ Riccio, Cynthia A.; Waldrop, Jennifer J.M.; Reynolds, Cecil R.; Lowe, Patricia (2001). "Effects of Stimulants on the Continuous Performance Test (CPT)". The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 13 (3): 326–335. doi:10.1176/jnp.13.3.326. ISSN 0895-0172. 
  27. ↑ Seiden, L S; Sabol, K E; Ricaurte, G A (1993). "Amphetamine: Effects on Catecholamine Systems and Behavior". Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 33 (1): 639–676. doi:10.1146/annurev.pa.33.040193.003231. ISSN 0362-1642. 
  28. ↑ Sprague, R.; Sleator, E. (1977). "Methylphenidate in hyperkinetic children: differences in dose effects on learning and social behavior". Science. 198 (4323): 1274–1276. doi:10.1126/science.337493. ISSN 0036-8075. 
  29. ↑ Randall, Delia C.; Viswanath, Aparna; Bharania, Punam; Elsabagh, Sarah M.; Hartley, David E.; Shneerson, John M.; File, Sandra E. (2005). "Does Modafinil Enhance Cognitive Performance in Young Volunteers Who Are Not Sleep-Deprived?". Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 25 (2): 175–179. doi:10.1097/01.jcp.0000155816.21467.25. ISSN 0271-0749. 
  30. ↑ Bernstein, Gail A.; Carroll, Marilyn E.; Crosby, Ross D.; Perwien, Amy R.; Go, Frances S.; Benowitz, Neal L. (1994). "Caffeine Effects on Learning, Performance, and Anxiety in Normal School-Age Children". Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 33 (3): 407–415. doi:10.1097/00004583-199403000-00016. ISSN 0890-8567. 
  31. ↑ Salo, Ruth; Nordahl, Thomas E.; Natsuaki, Yutaka; Leamon, Martin H.; Galloway, Gantt P.; Waters, Christy; Moore, Charles D.; Buonocore, Michael H. (2007). "Attentional Control and Brain Metabolite Levels in Methamphetamine Abusers". Biological Psychiatry. 61 (11): 1272–1280. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.07.031. ISSN 0006-3223. 
  32. ↑ Waller, Niels; Putnam, Frank W.; Carlson, Eve B. (1996). "Types of dissociation and dissociative types: A taxometric analysis of dissociative experiences". Psychological Methods. 1 (3): 300–321. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.1.3.300. ISSN 1082-989X. 
  33. ↑ Giesbrecht, Timo; Merckelbach, Harald; Geraerts, Elke (2007). "The Dissociative Experiences Taxon Is Related to Fantasy Proneness". The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 195 (9): 769–772. doi:10.1097/NMD.0b013e318142ce55. ISSN 0022-3018. 
  34. ↑ Levin, Ross; Spei, Ekaterina (2016). "Relationship of Purported Measures of Pathological and Nonpathological Dissociation to Self-Reported Psychological Distress and Fantasy Immersion". Assessment. 11 (2): 160–168. doi:10.1177/1073191103256377. ISSN 1073-1911. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Lynn, Christopher Dana (2005). "Adaptive and Maladaptive Dissociation: An Epidemiological and Anthropological Comparison and Proposition for an Expanded Dissociation Model". Anthropology of Consciousness. 16 (2): 16–49. doi:10.1525/ac.2005.16.2.16. ISSN 1053-4202. 
  36. ↑ "Glossary of Technical Terms". Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.): 824–5. 2013. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.GlossaryofTechnicalTerms. 
  37. ↑ Snaith, R. P.; Constantopoulos, A. A.; Jardine, M. Y.; McGuffin, P. (1978). "A clinical scale for the self-assessment of irritability". The British Journal of Psychiatry. 132 (2): 164–171. doi:10.1192/bjp.132.2.164. ISSN 0007-1250. 
  38. ↑ Sommers, Ira; Baskin, Deborah; Baskin-Sommers, Arielle (2006). "Methamphetamine use among young adults: Health and social consequences". Addictive Behaviors. 31 (8): 1469–1476. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.10.004. ISSN 0306-4603. 
  39. ↑ Ahmann, P. A., Waltonen, S. J., Olson, K. A., Theye, F. W., Van Erem, A. J., LaPlant, R. J. (June 1993). "Placebo-controlled evaluation of Ritalin side effects". Pediatrics. 91 (6): 1101–1106. ISSN 0031-4005. 
  40. ↑ Norström, Thor; Pape, Hilde (2010). "Alcohol, suppressed anger and violence". Addiction. 105 (9): 1580–1586. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.02997.x. ISSN 0965-2140. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Corlett, Philip R.; Honey, Garry D.; Aitken, Michael R. F.; Dickinson, Anthony; Shanks, David R.; Absalom, Anthony R.; Lee, Michael; Pomarol-Clotet, Edith; Murray, Graham K.; McKenna, Peter J.; Robbins, Trevor W.; Bullmore, Edward T.; Fletcher, Paul C. (2006). "Frontal Responses During Learning Predict Vulnerability to the Psychotogenic Effects of Ketamine". Archives of General Psychiatry. 63 (6): 611. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.63.6.611. ISSN 0003-990X. 
  42. ↑ Preller, Katrin H.; Herdener, Marcus; Pokorny, Thomas; Planzer, Amanda; Kraehenmann, Rainer; Stämpfli, Philipp; Liechti, Matthias E.; Seifritz, Erich; Vollenweider, Franz X. (2017). "The Fabric of Meaning and Subjective Effects in LSD-Induced States Depend on Serotonin 2A Receptor Activation". Current Biology. 27 (3): 451–457. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.12.030. ISSN 0960-9822. 
  43. ↑ Carhart-Harris, Robin L.; Muthukumaraswamy, Suresh; Roseman, Leor; Kaelen, Mendel; Droog, Wouter; Murphy, Kevin; Tagliazucchi, Enzo; Schenberg, Eduardo E.; Nest, Timothy; Orban, Csaba; Leech, Robert; Williams, Luke T.; Williams, Tim M.; Bolstridge, Mark; Sessa, Ben; McGonigle, John; Sereno, Martin I.; Nichols, David; Hellyer, Peter J.; Hobden, Peter; Evans, John; Singh, Krish D.; Wise, Richard G.; Curran, H. Valerie; Feilding, Amanda; Nutt, David J. (2016). "Neural correlates of the LSD experience revealed by multimodal neuroimaging". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 113 (17): 4853–4858. doi:10.1073/pnas.1518377113. ISSN 0027-8424. 
  44. ↑ Kapur, Shitij (2003). "Psychosis as a State of Aberrant Salience: A Framework Linking Biology, Phenomenology, and Pharmacology in Schizophrenia". American Journal of Psychiatry. 160 (1): 13–23. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.1.13. ISSN 0002-953X. 
  45. ↑ Murray, Robin M.; Morrison, Paul D.; Henquet, Cécile; Forti, Marta Di (2007). "Cannabis, the mind and society: the hash realities". Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 8 (11): 885–895. doi:10.1038/nrn2253. ISSN 1471-003X. 
  46. ↑ Bowers, Malcolm B. (1966). ""Psychedelic" Experiences in Acute Psychoses". Archives of General Psychiatry. 15 (3): 240. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1966.01730150016003. ISSN 0003-990X. 
  47. ↑ Chaudhury, Suprakash; Kiran, Chandra (2009). "Understanding delusions". Industrial Psychiatry Journal. 18 (1): 3. doi:10.4103/0972-6748.57851. ISSN 0972-6748. 
  48. ↑ "Glossary of Technical Terms". Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.): 819. 2013. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.GlossaryofTechnicalTerms. 
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 Sjoberg, B. M.; Hollister, L. E. (1965). "The effects of psychotomimetic drugs on primary suggestibility". Psychopharmacologia. 8 (4): 251–262. doi:10.1007/BF00407857. ISSN 0033-3158. 
  50. ↑ Carhart-Harris, R. L.; Kaelen, M.; Whalley, M. G.; Bolstridge, M.; Feilding, A.; Nutt, D. J. (2014). "LSD enhances suggestibility in healthy volunteers". Psychopharmacology. 232 (4): 785–794. doi:10.1007/s00213-014-3714-z. ISSN 0033-3158. 
  51. ↑ Kelly, Sean F.; Fisher, Seymour; Kelly, Reid J. (1978). "Effects of cannabis intoxication on primary suggestibility". Psychopharmacology. 56 (2): 217–219. doi:10.1007/BF00431853. ISSN 0033-3158. 
  52. ↑ Cheong, Soon Ho; Lee, Kun Moo; Lim, Se Hun; Cho, Kwang Rae; Kim, Myoung Hun; Ko, Myoung Jin; Shim, Joo Cheol; Oh, Min Kyung; Kim, Yong Han; Lee, Sang Eun (2011). "The Effect of Suggestion on Unpleasant Dreams Induced by Ketamine Administration". Anesthesia & Analgesia. 112 (5): 1082–1085. doi:10.1213/ANE.0b013e31820eeb0e. ISSN 0003-2999. 
  53. ↑ Whalley, M. G.; Brooks, G. B. (2008). "Enhancement of suggestibility and imaginative ability with nitrous oxide". Psychopharmacology. 203 (4): 745–752. doi:10.1007/s00213-008-1424-0. ISSN 0033-3158. 
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Piguet, Camille; Dayer, Alexandre; Kosel, Markus; Desseilles, Martin; Vuilleumier, Patrik; Bertschy, Gilles (2010). "Phenomenology of racing and crowded thoughts in mood disorders: A theoretical reappraisal". Journal of Affective Disorders. 121 (3): 189–198. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.05.006. ISSN 0165-0327. 
  55. ↑ Pronin, Emily; Jacobs, Elana; Wegner, Daniel M. (2008). "Psychological effects of thought acceleration". Emotion. 8 (5): 597–612. doi:10.1037/a0013268. ISSN 1931-1516. 
  56. ↑ Yang, Kaite; Friedman-Wheeler, Dara G.; Pronin, Emily (2014). "Thought Acceleration Boosts Positive Mood Among Individuals with Minimal to Moderate Depressive Symptoms". Cognitive Therapy and Research. 38 (3): 261–269. doi:10.1007/s10608-014-9597-9. ISSN 0147-5916. 
  57. ↑ Pronin, Emily; Jacobs, Elana (2008). "Thought Speed, Mood, and the Experience of Mental Motion". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 3 (6): 461–485. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00091.x. ISSN 1745-6916. 
  58. ↑ Porkka-Heiskanen, T. (1997). "Adenosine: A Mediator of the Sleep-Inducing Effects of Prolonged Wakefulness". Science. 276 (5316): 1265–1268. doi:10.1126/science.276.5316.1265. ISSN 0036-8075. 
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 59.2 59.3 Repantis, Dimitris; Schlattmann, Peter; Laisney, Oona; Heuser, Isabella (2010). "Modafinil and methylphenidate for neuroenhancement in healthy individuals: A systematic review". Pharmacological Research. 62 (3): 187–206. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2010.04.002. ISSN 1043-6618. 
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 Engber, T.M; Dennis, S.A; Jones, B.E; Miller, M.S; Contreras, P.C (1998). "Brain regional substrates for the actions of the novel wake-promoting agent modafinil in the rat: comparison with amphetamine". Neuroscience. 87 (4): 905–911. doi:10.1016/S0306-4522(98)00015-3. ISSN 0306-4522. 
  61. ↑ Caldwell, John A.; Caldwell, J. Lyn; Smyth, Nicholas K.; Hall, Kecia K. (2000). "A double-blind, placebo-controlled investigation of the efficacy of modafinil for sustaining the alertness and performance of aviators: a helicopter simulator study". Psychopharmacology. 150 (3): 272–282. doi:10.1007/s002130000450. ISSN 0033-3158. 
  62. ↑ Myrick, Hugh; Malcolm, Robert; Taylor, Brent; LaROWE, STEVEN (2004). "Modafinil: Preclinical, Clinical, and Post-Marketing Surveillance—A Review of Abuse Liability Issues". Annals of Clinical Psychiatry. 16 (2): 101–109. doi:10.1080/10401230490453743. ISSN 1040-1237. 
  63. ↑ Scammell, Thomas E.; Estabrooke, Ivy V.; McCarthy, Marie T.; Chemelli, Richard M.; Yanagisawa, Masashi; Miller, Matthew S.; Saper, Clifford B. (2000). "Hypothalamic Arousal Regions Are Activated during Modafinil-Induced Wakefulness". The Journal of Neuroscience. 20 (22): 8620–8628. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-22-08620.2000. ISSN 0270-6474. 
Retrieved from ‘https://psychonautwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_intensifications&oldid=153922’