Talk:Phenazepam

Death may occur when benzodiazepines are combined with other depressants such as opiates, barbiturates, gabapentinoids, thienodiazepines, alcohol or other GABAergic substances.^[1]

It is strongly discouraged to combine these substances, particularly in common to heavy doses.

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Template:SubstanceBox/Phenazepam

Phenazepam is a depressant substance of the benzodiazepine class. Notable effects include anxiety suppression, disinhibition, sedation, muscle relation, and amnesia.

The sudden discontinuation of benzodiazepines can lead to life-threatening seizures or death for individuals who have been using them regularly, in heavy doses, or for extended periods of time.^[2] For this reason, it is recommended to discontinue use by tapering one's dose by gradually lowering the amount taken each day for a prolonged period of time instead of stopping one's usage abruptly.^[3]

History and culture

This History and Culture section is a stub. As such, it may contain incomplete or wrong information. You can help by expanding it.

Chemistry

This chemistry section is incomplete. You can help by adding to it.

Phenazepam consists of a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring as its core, just as other benzodiazepines do.

Pharmacology

This pharmacology section is incomplete. You can help by adding to it.

Phenazepam is likely a positive allosteric modulator of GABA_A. ^{[citation needed]}

Subjective effects

The effects listed below are based upon the subjective effects index and personal experiences of PsychonautWiki contributors. These effects should be taken with a grain of salt and will rarely (if ever) occur all at once, but heavier doses will increase the chances of inducing a full range of effects. Likewise, adverse effects become much more likely on higher doses and may include serious injury or death.

Toxicity and harm potential

Radar plot showing relative physical harm, social harm, and dependence of benzodiazepines in comparison to other drugs.^[11]

Phenazepam likely has a low toxicity relative to dose.^[12] However, it is potentially lethal when mixed with depressants like alcohol or opioids.

It is strongly recommended that one use harm reduction practices, such as volumetric dosing, when using this substance to ensure the administration of the intended dose.

Tolerance and addiction potential

This toxicity and harm potential section is a stub. As such, it may contain incomplete or even dangerously wrong information. You can help by expanding or correcting it. We also recommend that you conduct independent research and use harm reduction practices when using this substance.

Benzodiazepines are known to be extremely physically and psychologically addictive.^{[citation needed]}

Tolerance will develop to the sedative-hypnotic effects within a couple of days of continuous use.^[13] After cessation, the tolerance returns to baseline in 7-14 days. Withdrawal symptoms or rebound symptoms may occur after ceasing one's usage abruptly following a few weeks or longer of steady dosing, and may necessitate a gradual dose reduction.^[14][15]

Overdose

Benzodiazepine overdose may occur when a benzodiazepine is taken in extremely heavy quantities or concurrently with other depressants. This is particularly dangerous with other GABAergic depressants such as barbiturates and alcohol since they work in a similar fashion, but bind to distinct allosteric sites on the GABA_A receptor, cross-potentiating each other.^{[citation needed]}

For example, benzodiazepines increase the frequency in which the chlorine ion pore opens on the GABA_A receptor while barbiturates increase the duration in which they are open, meaning when both are consumed, the ion pore will open more frequently and stay open longer.^[16] This can result in dangerously disinhibited, total blackout states along with potential lethal respiratory depression.^{[citation needed]}

Benzodiazepine overdose is a medical emergency that may lead to a coma, permanent brain injury or death if not treated promptly and properly.

Symptoms of a benzodiazepine overdose may include severe thought deceleration, slurred speech, confusion, delusions, respiratory depression, coma or death. Benzodiazepine overdoses may be treated effectively in a hospital environment, with generally favorable outcomes. Benzodiazepine overdoses are sometimes treated with flumazenil, a GABA_A antagonist;^[17] however, care is primarily supportive in nature.

Discontinuation and withdrawal

Benzodiazepine discontinuation is notoriously difficult; it is potentially life-threatening for individuals using regularly to discontinue use without tapering their dose over a period of weeks. There is an increased risk of high blood pressure, seizures, and death.^[18] Substances which lower the seizure threshold such as tramadol should be avoided during withdrawal.^{[citation needed]} Abrupt discontinuation also causes rebound stimulation which presents as anxiety, insomnia and restlessness.^{[citation needed]}

If one wishes to discontinue after a period of regular use, it is safest to reduce the dose each day by a very small amount for a couple of weeks until close to abstinence. If using a short half-life benzodiazepine such as alprazolam or etizolam, a longer acting variety such as diazepam or clonazepam can be substituted. Symptoms may still be present, but their severity will be reduced significantly.

For more information on tapering from benzodiazepines in a controlled manner, please see this guide. Small quantities of alcohol can also help to reduce the symptoms, but otherwise cannot be used as an effective tapering agent.

The duration and severity of withdrawal symptoms depend on a number of factors including the half-life of the substance used, tolerance and the duration of abuse. Major symptoms will usually start within just a few days after discontinuation and persist for around a week for shorter lasting benzodiazepines. Benzodiazepines with longer half-lives will exhibit withdrawal symptoms with a slow onset and extended duration.^{[citation needed]}

Dangerous interactions

Although many psychoactive substances are safe to use on their own, they can become dangerous or even life-threatening when taken with other substances. The list below contains some potentially dangerous combinations, but may not include all of them. Certain combinations may be safe in low doses but still increase the possibility of injury of death. Independent research should always be conducted to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe before consumption.

• Depressants (1,4-Butanediol, 2M2B, alcohol, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, GHB/GBL, methaqualone, opioids) - This combination potentiates the muscle relaxation, amnesia, sedation, and respiratory depression caused by one another. At higher doses, it can lead to a sudden, unexpected loss of consciousness along with a dangerous amount of depressed respiration. There is also an increased risk of suffocating on one's vomit while unconscious. If nausea or vomiting occurs before a loss of consciousness, users should attempt to fall asleep in the recovery position or have a friend move them into it.

• Stimulants - It can be dangerous to combine depressants with stimulants due to the risk of accidental excessive intoxication. Stimulants mask the sedative effect of depressants, which is the main factor most people use to gauge their level of intoxication. Once the stimulant effects wear off, the effects of the depressant will significantly increase, leading to intensified disinhibition, motor control loss, and dangerous black-out states. This combination can also potentially result in severe dehydration if one's fluid intake is not closely monitored. If choosing to combine these substances, one should strictly limit themselves to a pre-set schedule of dosing only a certain amount per hour until a maximum threshold has been reached.

• Dissociatives - This combination can unpredictably potentiate the amnesia, sedation, motor control loss and delusions that can be caused by each other. It may also result in a sudden loss of consciousness accompanied by a dangerous degree of respiratory depression. If nausea or vomiting occurs before consciousness is lost, users should attempt to fall asleep in the recovery position or have a friend move them into it.

Legal status

This legality section is a stub. As such, it may contain incomplete or wrong information. You can help by expanding it.

See also

• Responsible use
• Volumetric dosing
• Benzodiazepines

External links

• Phenazepam (Wikipedia)
• Phenazepam (Isomer Design)

References