Secobarbital

Secobarbital
Chemical Nomenclature
Common names	Secobarbital, secobarbitone, Seconal
Systematic name	5-[(2R)-pentan-2-yl]-5-prop-2-enyl-1,3-diazinane-2,4,6-trione
Class Membership
Psychoactive class	Depressant
Chemical class	Barbiturate
Routes of Administration
WARNING: Always start with lower doses due to differences between individual body weight, tolerance, metabolism, and personal sensitivity. See responsible use section. Oral Dosage Threshold 20 - 25 mg Light 25 - 50 mg Common 50 - 150 mg Strong 150 - 300 mg Heavy 300 mg + Duration Total 6 - 10 hours Onset 15 - 60 minutes Peak 4 - 8 hours Offset 2 - 4 hours After effects 1 - 24 hours DISCLAIMER: PW's dosage information is gathered from users and resources for educational purposes only. It is not a recommendation and should be verified with other sources for accuracy.

Secobarbital, also known as secobarbitone in British English and by the brand name Seconal, is a short-acting psychoactive drug of the barbiturate class which produces powerful anxiolytic, hypnotic, muscle relaxant and amnesic effects. The combination drug Tuinal has a combination of secobarbital and amobarbital. Secobarbital is used medically as a hypnotic for the short-term treatment of insomnia and as an anticonvulsant in emergency situations, such as status epilepticus. Secobarbital works in a similar fashion to benzodiazepines, however, barbiturates bind to a different and distinct allosteric site on the GABA_A receptor.

Compared to other barbiturates such as phenobarbital, secobarbital has a prompt onset of action, generally working within fifteen minutes of ingestion. Secobarbital's anxiolytic effects may last for up to 24 hours after the primary effects have worn off.

Secobarbital, like most short-acting barbiturates, is deemed to be extremely addictive. The abrupt discontinuation of secobarbital in dependent individuals may be life-threatening and lead to seizures and even death^[2]. Secobarbital drastically enhances the effects of other depressants such as alcohol, and concurrent use may lead to respiratory depression and possibly death.

Chemistry

Secobarbital is a drug of the barbiturate class. Barbiturate drugs contain the backbone of barbituric acid. Secobarbital has a propenyl, and a methylpentane substitution on the 5-position of the barbituric acid backbone which gives it its unique pharmacological effects. The empirical formula of secobarbital is C₁₂H₁₈N₂O₃ and has a molar mass of 238.283 grams per mole.

Pharmacology

Barbiturates behave similarly to benzodiazepines. Secobarbital binds to an allosteric site on the GABA_A receptor and potentiates the effects of the endogenous ligand, gamma-aminobutyric acid. When barbiturates bind to the GABA_A receptor, it causes the ion pore to open for extended periods of time, causing an increase of intracellular chlorine ion concentrations. As this site is the most prolific inhibitory receptor set within the brain, its modulation results in the sedating (or calming effects) of barbiturates on the nervous system.

Around 45-60% of the secobarbital binds to membrane proteins. Secobarbital is metabolized in the liver and excreted by the kidneys. Its biological half-life is from 15 to 40 hours.

Subjective effects

The effects listed below are based upon the subjective effects index and personal experiences of PsychonautWiki contributors. These effects should be taken with a grain of salt and will rarely (if ever) occur all at once, but heavier doses will increase the chances of inducing a full range of effects. Likewise, adverse effects become much more likely on higher doses and may include serious injury or death.

Toxicity and harm potential

Radar plot showing relative physical harm, social harm, and dependence of barbiturates in comparison to other drugs.^[4]

Secobarbital likely has moderate toxicity relative to dose. However, secobarbital is [[Toxicity::potentially lethal when mixed with depressants like alcohol or opioids. Secobarbital has a higher risk of death or serious adverse effects associated with concurrent depressant use than other drugs such as benzodiazepines. There have been studies linking the use of barbiturates, particularly phenobarbital, with the development of cancer.^[5]

It is strongly recommended that one use harm reduction practices when using this drug.

Tolerance and addiction potential

Secobarbital is extremely physically and psychologically addictive. Barbiturate withdrawal is medically serious and can potentially cause a life-threatening withdrawal syndrome that can cause seizures, psychosis, and death. Drugs that lower the seizure threshold, such as tramadol and amphetamine should be avoided during withdrawal. If an individual is addicted to a short-acting barbiturate such as secobarbital, switching to a longer acting drug such as phenobarbital may be of some benefit.

Tolerance will develop to the sedative-hypnotic effects of secobarbital after prolonged use. It is unknown exactly how long it takes for tolerance to reach baseline. Secobarbital presents cross-tolerance with all barbiturates, meaning that after its consumption, all barbiturates will have a reduced effect.

Dangerous interactions

Although many drugs are safe on their own, they can become dangerous and even life-threatening when combined with other substances. The list below contains some common potentially dangerous combinations, but may not include all of them. Certain combinations may be harmless in low doses of each but still increase the potential risk of death. Independent research should always be done to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe before consumption.

• Depressants (1,4-Butanediol, 2-methyl-2-butanol, alcohol, barbiturates, GHB/GBL, methaqualone, opioids) - This combination can result in dangerous or even fatal levels of respiratory depression. These substances potentiate the muscle relaxation, sedation and amnesia caused by one another and can lead to unexpected loss of consciousness at high doses. There is also an increased risk of vomiting during unconsciousness and death from the resulting suffocation. If this occurs, users should try to fall asleep in the recovery position or have a friend move them into it.Secobarbital is deemed to have an increased incidence of serious adverse effects when used concurrently with other depressants than other depressants.
• Dissociatives - This combination can lead to an increased risk of vomiting during unconsciousness and death from the resulting suffocation. If this occurs, users should attempt to fall asleep in the recovery position or have a friend move them into it.
• Stimulants - It is unsafe to combine barbiturates with stimulants due to the risk of excessive intoxication. Stimulants decrease the sedative effect of barbiturates, which is the main factor most people consider when determining their level of intoxication. Once the stimulant wears off, the effects of barbiturates will be considerably increased, leading to intensified disinhibition as well as other effects. If combined, one should strictly limit themselves to only dosing a certain amount of barbiturates per hour. This combination can also potentially result in severe dehydration if hydration is not monitored.

Overdose

Barbiturate overdose may occur when a barbiturate is taken in extremely heavy quantities or concurrently with other depressants. This is particularly dangerous with other GABAergic depressants such as benzodiazepines and alcohol since they work in a similar fashion but bind to distinct allosteric sites on the GABA_A receptor, thus their effects potentiate one another. Benzodiazepines increase the frequency in which the chlorine ion pore opens on the GABA_A receptor while barbiturates increase the duration in which they are open, meaning when both are consumed, the ion pore will open more frequently and stay open longer^[6]. Barbiturate overdose is a medical emergency that may lead to a coma, permanent brain injury or death if not treated promptly and properly. Barbiturate overdose has an increased frequency of serious adverse effects when compared to other depressants.

Symptoms of a barbiturate overdose may include severe thought deceleration, slurred speech, confusion, delusions, respiratory depression, coma or death.^[7]

Legal issues

• International: Internationally, secobarbital is a Psychotropic Schedule II under the UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances.^[8]
• United States: In the United States, secobarbital is a Schedule II Controlled Substance.^[9].
• United Kingdom: In the United Kingdom, secobarbitone is a Class B drug^[10]
• Germany: In Germany, secobarbital is an Anlage III Prescription Only drug.^[11]
• Canada: In Canada, secobarbital is a Schedule IV drug.^[12]

See also

• Depressants
• Barbiturates
  • Phenobarbital
• Benzodiazepines
• GABA

External links

• Secobarbital (Wikipedia)

References