Delirium
Delirium (also known as acute confusion)[1] is medically recognized as a physiological disturbance of awareness that is accompanied by a change in baseline cognition which cannot be better explained by a preexisting or evolving neurocognitive disorder.[2] The disturbance in awareness is manifested by a reduced ability to direct, focus, sustain, and shift attention and the accompanying cognitive change in at least one other area may include memory and learning (particularly recent memory), disorientation (particularly to time and place), alteration in language, or perceptual distortions or a perceptual-motor disturbance. The perceptual disturbances accompanying delirium include misinterpretations, illusions, or hallucinations; these disturbances are typically visual but may occur in other modalities as well, and range from simple and uniform to highly complex. An individual with delirium may also exhibit emotional disturbances, such as anxiety, fear, depression, irritability, anger, euphoria, and apathy with rapid and unpredictable shifts from one emotional state to another.[3]
This disturbance develops over a short period of time, usually hours to a few days, and tends to fluctuate during the course of the day, often with worsening in the evening and night when external orienting stimuli decrease. It has been proposed that a core criterion for delirium is a disturbance in the sleep-wake cycle. Normal attention/arousal, delirium, and coma lie on a continuum, with coma defined as the lack of any response to verbal stimuli.[3]
Delirium may present itself in three distinct forms. These are referred to in the scientific literature as hyperactive, hypoactive, or mixed forms.[4] In its hyperactive form, it is manifested as severe confusion and disorientation, with a sudden onset and a fluctuating intensity. In its hypoactive (i.e. underactive) form, it is manifested by an equally sudden withdrawal from interaction with the outside world accompanied by symptoms such as drowsiness and general inactivity.[5] Delirium may also occur in a mixed type in which one can fluctuate between both hyper and hypoactive periods.
Delirium is most commonly induced under the influence of heavy dosages of deliriant compounds, such as DPH,[6] datura,[7] and benzydamine. However, it can also occur as a result of an extremely wide range of health problems such as urinary tract infections,[8] influenza,[9] and alzheimer’s.[10]
Psychoactive substances
Compounds within our psychoactive substance index which may cause this effect include:
- 3-MMC
- 4-FA
- Benzydamine
- Datura
- Desoxypipradrol
- Diphenhydramine
- Eszopiclone
- MDMA
- Promethazine
- Tizanidine
- Zopiclone
Experience reports
Annectdotal reports which describe this effect with our experience index include:
- Experience:25mg - A labyrinth of organs and a storybook walk
- Experience:300mg DPH + 600mg DXM - An Interesting Combo
See also
- Responsible use
- Psychosis
- Deliriants - Subjective effects
- Dissociatives - Subjective effects
- Psychedelics - Subjective effects
External links
References
- ↑ Sendelbach, Sue; Guthrie, Patty Finch; Schoenfelder, Deborah Perry (2009). "Acute Confusion/Delirium". Journal of Gerontological Nursing. 35 (11): 11–18. doi:10.3928/00989134-20090930-01. ISSN 0098-9134.
- ↑ "Delirium". International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems (11th ed.). 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Neurocognitive Disorders". Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.): 596–602. 2013. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm17.
- ↑ Fong, Tamara G.; Tulebaev, Samir R.; Inouye, Sharon K. (2009). "Delirium in elderly adults: diagnosis, prevention and treatment". Nature Reviews Neurology. 5 (4): 210–220. doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2009.24. ISSN 1759-4758.
- ↑ Hosker, Christian; Ward, David (2017). "Hypoactive delirium". BMJ: j2047. doi:10.1136/bmj.j2047. ISSN 0959-8138.
- ↑ Serio, Ryan N (2004). "Acute Delirium Associated with Combined Diphenhydramine and Linezolid Use". Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 38 (1): 62–65. doi:10.1345/aph.1D018. ISSN 1060-0280.
- ↑ Hanna, J. P., Schmidley, J. W., Braselton, W. E. (April 1992). "Datura Delirium:". Clinical Neuropharmacology. 15 (2): 109–113. doi:10.1097/00002826-199204000-00004. ISSN 0362-5664.
- ↑ Balogun, Seki A.; Philbrick, John T. (2014). "Delirium, a Symptom of UTI in the Elderly: Fact or Fable? A Systematic Review*". Canadian Geriatrics Journal. 17 (1). doi:10.5770/cgj.17.90. ISSN 1925-8348.
- ↑ Manjunatha, Narayana; Math, SureshBada; Kulkarni, GirishBaburao; Chaturvedi, SantoshKumar (2011). "The neuropsychiatric aspects of influenza/swine flu: A selective review". Industrial Psychiatry Journal. 20 (2): 83. doi:10.4103/0972-6748.102479. ISSN 0972-6748.
- ↑ Lerner, A. J., Hedera, P., Koss, E., Stuckey, J., Friedland, R. P. (March 1997). "Delirium in Alzheimer Disease:". Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders. 11 (1): 16–20. doi:10.1097/00002093-199703000-00004. ISSN 0893-0341.