Talk:Grayanotoxin/2024
Grayanotoxins are a group of toxic diterpenes found in the ericacaeae[1] family of plants [2]. More than 25 grayanotoxin isoforms have been isolated from rhododendron, though grayanotoxin I and grayanotoxin III are considered to be the most responsible for the toxic pharmacological effects of grayanotoxin-containing plants.[3] Grayanotoxin I, as well as grayanotoxin III, act as agonists of voltage-gated sodium channels.[4][5] Through this mechanism, grayanotoxins increase the release of neurotransmitters in the central nervous system such as GABA [5], glutamate [5], and acetylcholine [6]. Additionally, grayanotoxin III may act as an antagonist of central glutamate receptors, further contributing to CNS depressant effects [7]. Reports of grayanotoxin intoxication include symptoms of the cholinergic toxidrome such as decreased heart rate, hypotension, and an altered mental status [2].
- ↑ [1] Ericacea (Heath) Family and Their Culture
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Gunduz A, Turedi S, Russell RM, Ayaz FA. Clinical review of grayanotoxin/mad honey poisoning past and present. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2008 Jun;46(5):437-42. doi: 10.1080/15563650701666306. PMID: 18568799.
- ↑ Jansen SA, Kleerekooper I, Hofman ZL, Kappen IF, Stary-Weinzinger A, van der Heyden MA. Grayanotoxin poisoning: 'mad honey disease' and beyond. Cardiovasc Toxicol. 2012 Sep;12(3):208-15. doi: 10.1007/s12012-012-9162-2. PMID: 22528814; PMCID: PMC3404272.
- ↑ Yuki T, Yamaoka K, Yakehiro M, Seyama I. State-dependent action of grayanotoxin I on Na(+) channels in frog ventricular myocytes. J Physiol. 2001 Aug 1;534(Pt 3):777-90. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.00777.x. PMID: 11483708; PMCID: PMC2278746.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Kim SE, Shin MC, Akaike N, Kim CJ. Presynaptic effects of grayanotoxin III on excitatory and inhibitory nerve terminals in rat ventromedial hypothalamic neurons. Neurotoxicology. 2010 Mar;31(2):230-8. doi: 10.1016/j.neuro.2009.12.006. Epub 2009 Dec 28. PMID: 20038438.
- ↑ Pischon H, Petrick A, Müller M, Köster N, Pietsch J, Mundhenk L. Grayanotoxin I Intoxication in Pet Pigs. Veterinary Pathology. 2018;55(6):896-899. doi:10.1177/0300985818789482
- ↑ Ohgaki T, Uchida S, Meguri H, Ogita K, Yoneda Y. Preventive action of quisqualic acid against grayanotoxin-induced suppression of locomotor activity in mice. Neuropharmacology. 1988 Oct;27(10):1045-53. doi: 10.1016/0028-3908(88)90066-4. PMID: 3070432.